• 中国科技论文统计源期刊
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Volume 44 Issue 4
Apr.  2019
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Analysis of the prenatal diagnosis and pregnancy outcome in 64 high risk cases with positive results of non-invasive DNA testing

  • Received Date: 2018-09-03
    Accepted Date: 2019-01-15
  • ObjectiveTo analyze the antenatal diagnosis and pregnancy outcome in high risk pregnant women with positive results of the non-invasive prenatal DNA testing, and discuss its clinical significance.MethodsThe non-invasive prenatal DNA testing in 5 077 pregnant women were implemented, the free fetal DNA in maternal peripheral blood of the second generation was sequenced.The positive was confirmed by the cell karyotype detected by amniocentesis, and followed up by telephone.ResultsAmong 5 077 pregnant women detected by non-invasive prenatal DNA testing, the high risk in 64 cases was identified, which included 28 cases of 21-trisomy, 4 cases of 18-trisomy, 3 cases of 13-trisomy, 14 cases of sexual chromosome abnormality, 8 cases of other chromosome abnormality and 7 cases of microdeletion and microduplication.Amniocentesis was performed in 54 cases, the results showed that 23 cases were confirmed among 24 cases of 21-trisomy, 2 cases were confirmed among 4 cases of 18-trisomy, 1 case was confirmed among 3 cases of trisomy, 5 cases were confirmed among 11 cases of sex chromosome, no case was confirmed among 6 cases of other chromosomes, and 2 cases were confirmed among 6 cases of micro deletion and micro duplication.The non-invasive DNA testing results showed 1 case was negative, the ultrasound examination suggested the multiple abnormalities, and the amniocentesis result showed which was the 18-trisomy.ConclusionsThe positive predictive value of 21-trisomy syndrome is higher by the non-invasive prenatal DNA testing, but the false positive and false negative result still occur, which cannot completely replace karyotype analysis.The non-invasive DNA prenatal testing is still far from the positive predictive value of 18-trisomy syndrome and 13-trisomy syndrome, but it can detect micro-deletion and micro-repetition abnormalities, which has irreplaceable superiority over the karyotype analysis.
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  • [1] 边旭明.胎儿染色体非整倍体的无创DNA产前检测[J].实用妇产科杂志, 2013, 29(5):330. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6946.2013.05.005
    [2] 李燕芳, 张兰珍, 田耕, 等.胎儿游离DNA用于无创产前检测21、18、13三体综合征的临床研究[J].中国妇产科临床杂志, 2015, 16(22):126.
    [3] 杨灿锋, 石锦平, 肖建平, 等.无创DNA测序与传统方法在产前诊断应用中的比较[J].中国优生与遗传杂志, 2014, 22(11):27.
    [4] 燕凤, 陈必良, 徐慧.无创DNA阳性结果的验证和分析[J/CD].中国产前诊断杂志(电子版), 2016, 8(2): 19.
    [5] 周舒香, 刘妮, 杨一琼, 等.5076例孕妇无创DNA产前检测结果的分析[J].中国优生与遗传杂志, 2018, 26 (5):63.
    [6] 侯亚萍, 杨洁霞, 郭芳芳, 等.无创DNA产前检测在胎儿染色体非整倍体疾病筛查中的应用[J].检验医学与临床, 2018, 15(2):1542.
    [7] CHEN S, LAU TK, ZHANG C, et al.A method for noninvasivedetection of fetal large deletions/duplications by low coverage massively parallel sequencing[J].Prenat Diagn, 2013, 33(6):584. doi: 10.1002/pd.4110
    [8] HUANG X, ZHENG J, CHEN M, et al.Noninvasive prenatal testing of trisomies 21 and 18 by massively parallel sequencing of maternal plasma DNA in twin pregnancies[J].Prenat Diagn, 2014, 34(4):335. doi: 10.1002/pd.4303
    [9] 向萍霞, 刘翎, 冷培, 等.游离胎儿DNA高通量基因测序技术在产前筛查的临床应用[J].实用妇产科杂志, 2013, 29(10):777. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6946.2013.10.021
    [10] 杨兴坤, 郭晓玲, 钟进, 等.2 433例孕妇血浆胎儿游离DNA无创产前非整倍性检测结果分析[J].中国优生与遗传杂志, 2014, 22(9):50.
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Analysis of the prenatal diagnosis and pregnancy outcome in 64 high risk cases with positive results of non-invasive DNA testing

  • Antepartum Diagnostic Center, The General Hospital of Anhui North Coal Group, Suzhou Anhui 234000, China

Abstract: ObjectiveTo analyze the antenatal diagnosis and pregnancy outcome in high risk pregnant women with positive results of the non-invasive prenatal DNA testing, and discuss its clinical significance.MethodsThe non-invasive prenatal DNA testing in 5 077 pregnant women were implemented, the free fetal DNA in maternal peripheral blood of the second generation was sequenced.The positive was confirmed by the cell karyotype detected by amniocentesis, and followed up by telephone.ResultsAmong 5 077 pregnant women detected by non-invasive prenatal DNA testing, the high risk in 64 cases was identified, which included 28 cases of 21-trisomy, 4 cases of 18-trisomy, 3 cases of 13-trisomy, 14 cases of sexual chromosome abnormality, 8 cases of other chromosome abnormality and 7 cases of microdeletion and microduplication.Amniocentesis was performed in 54 cases, the results showed that 23 cases were confirmed among 24 cases of 21-trisomy, 2 cases were confirmed among 4 cases of 18-trisomy, 1 case was confirmed among 3 cases of trisomy, 5 cases were confirmed among 11 cases of sex chromosome, no case was confirmed among 6 cases of other chromosomes, and 2 cases were confirmed among 6 cases of micro deletion and micro duplication.The non-invasive DNA testing results showed 1 case was negative, the ultrasound examination suggested the multiple abnormalities, and the amniocentesis result showed which was the 18-trisomy.ConclusionsThe positive predictive value of 21-trisomy syndrome is higher by the non-invasive prenatal DNA testing, but the false positive and false negative result still occur, which cannot completely replace karyotype analysis.The non-invasive DNA prenatal testing is still far from the positive predictive value of 18-trisomy syndrome and 13-trisomy syndrome, but it can detect micro-deletion and micro-repetition abnormalities, which has irreplaceable superiority over the karyotype analysis.

  • 我国是人口出生缺陷高发国家,总发生率5%~6%,每年新增约90万例出生缺陷儿,给家庭和社会带来沉重的负担[1-2]。在政府部门的重视及干预下,一些防控措施行之有效,如叶酸增补、将产前筛查和产前诊断纳入民生工程、免费新生儿疾病筛查等。同时,广大科研及医务工作者也在不断探索更加灵敏和精准的出生缺陷检测方法。胎儿无创DNA产前检测,具有检测率高、灵敏度高、特异性强的特点,在孕妇及妇产科医生中备受青睐。本文对于我中心实验室进行无创DNA检测的5 077名孕妇中结果为阳性的64名孕妇,进行羊水穿刺核型分析验证无创DNA检测结果,并对妊娠结局进行随访,探讨无创DNA产前基因检测在产前筛查诊断中的作用。

1.   资料与方法
  • 2017年我院中心实验室无创DNA检测标本5 077例,孕妇年龄为18~49岁,孕周为12~32周,对孕周>23周或年龄>35岁检测者告知可能会错过最佳产前诊断时间及可能漏诊染色体异常,并进行知情同意签字。其中检测指征为高龄1 654例;产前筛查高风险、临界风险的为1 905例;胎儿颈项通明层增厚35例;双胎56例;超声异常为452例;孕周>23周374例;自愿要求检测601例。其中检测结果为阳性的孕妇64例,进行电话召回做产前诊断,对到外院做产前诊断及拒绝产前诊断孕妇,随访产前诊断结果及妊娠结局。

  • 本中心使用无创DNA测序仪器为博奥公司Ion Torrent测序仪,DNA提取试剂盒、染色体非整倍体检测试剂盒和文库构建均为博奥公司产品。检测流程:胎儿游离DNA分离纯化→高通量测序→生物学信息分析。通过分析不同染色体水平的差异识别胎儿染色体非整倍体异常,并计算出胎儿患染色体非整倍体疾病的风险概率。本中心每年参与卫生部临床检验室间质评,成绩合格。

  • 对无创高风险孕妇,告知高风险意义,建议羊水穿刺做染色体核型分析明确诊断,染色体微缺失及微重复加做基因芯片(与珀金埃尔默公司合作,美国安捷伦芯片)。知情同意签字后,嘱孕妇排空膀胱,仰卧位,常规消毒铺巾后,在B超(西门子150)引导下用21号日本八光针抽取羊水20 mL,同意做基因芯片的另外抽取10 mL羊水。离心10 min沉淀后,弃去上清液,加入羊水培养基(广州和能)放入37.0 ℃ CO2培养箱,5 d后观察细胞生长情况,9 d左右根据细胞生长情况更换培养液,观察细胞生长良好,换培养液第2天加秋水仙素细胞同步化,0.75%氯化钠低渗处理后固定,染色制片、阅片。

  • 对所有高风险孕妇进行随访,随访时间为分娩后3~6个月,随访内容为是否产前诊断及结果、妊娠结局。如果分娩,了解新生儿的性别及出生后新生儿的健康状况。

2.   结果
  • 接受无创DNA检测的5 077例孕妇中结果为阳性高风险者64例,包括21-三体28例,18-三体4例,13-三体3例,性染色体异常14例,其他染色体异常8例,微缺失微重复7例。其中54例接受羊水穿刺,诊断率为84.4%,其中21-三体24例,确诊23例,1例为21-三体微重复,经父母验证,微重复来源于母亲;18-三体4例,确诊2例;13-三体3例,确诊1例;性染色体异常11例,确诊5例;其他染色体异常6例,确诊0例;微缺失微重复6例,确诊2例。1例无创DNA结果阴性,因超声检查提示多发异常,羊水穿刺结果证实为18-三体(见表 1)。对无创DNA检测结果阳性而未做羊水穿刺核型分析者进行电话随访跟踪,结果见表 2

    类型 无创DNA检测阳性例数 羊水穿刺数据
    例数 确诊例数 核型分析 符合率/%
    21-三体 28 24 23 23例确诊21-三体, 1例21染色体微重复,来自孕妇本人 95.8
    18-三体 4 4 2 2例确诊18-三体, 2例正常 50.0
    13-三体 3 3 1 1例确诊13-三体, 2例正常 33.3
    性染色体异常 14 11 5 3例47,XO;1例47,XXY, 1例XYY 45.5
    其他染色体异常 8 6 0 正常 0.0
    微缺失微重复 7 6 2 1例三体7号微重复,1例双胎之一为21-三体微重复,1例为双胎之一15q11.2-13.14.79Mb重复 33.3
    合计 64 54 33 61.1
    类型 无创DNA检测阳性例数 妊娠结局
    21-三体 4 2例胎死宫内,2例引产
    性染色体异常 3 1例失访; 1例45, XO/46, XX; 1例无异常
    其他染色体异常 2 2例外观均无异常
    微缺失微重复 2 1例胎死宫内,1例无异常
3.   讨论
  • 人类对出生缺陷的研究和探索一直不断前行和深入。传统产前筛查有早孕筛查、中孕筛查、早中孕序贯筛查,检测方法有二联法、三联法、四联法等。但是不管哪种筛查方法最多只能筛查出60%~80%唐氏儿。产前筛查高风险率为4%~6%,很多孕妇要接受有创性产前诊断。而有创性产前诊断通过获取胎儿的绒毛、羊水、脐血或者胎儿的组织来进行诊断,对胎儿和孕妇存在一定风险,可能导致感染、流产等不良后果[3],给孕妇及家属带来很多焦虑和恐惧,孕妇依从性相对较低。较传统筛查技术,无创DNA检测技术具有无创、检测率高、灵敏度高、特异性强的特点[2],很快受到检验机构和临床医生的青睐。然而,随着假阴性和假阳性案例的报道增多,卫生部于2014年曾叫停无创DNA检测。在全国范围内设立100多家试验点,经临床验证后,2016年10月,卫生部发布《关于规范有序开展胎儿游离DNA产前筛查与诊断通知》,要求21-三体检出率不低于95.8%,18-三体检出率不低于85%,13-三体检出率不低于75%。然而各产前诊断中心报道仍然存在较大差别。燕凤等[4]报道孕妇外周血中游离胎儿DNA检测对21-三体检测准确率达95.8%,18-三体为50.0%,性染色体异常为45.5%,13-三体为33.3%;周舒香等[5]报道无创DNA检测技术对21-三体阳性预测值为90.91%,18-三体为75.00%,13-三体为25.00%,性染色体异常为32.14%。侯亚萍等[6]报道无创DNA产前检测技术对胎儿染色体非整倍体筛查的灵敏度为92.59%, 特异度为99.92%, 假阳性率为0.08%, 假阴性率为7.41%。

    我中心2017年度共检测无创DNA标本5 077例,其中结果为阳性64例,54例接受产前诊断,进行数据统计分析显示,无创产前DNA检测存在一定的假阳性和假阴性,对21-三体灵敏性最高,符合率可达95%以上,18-三体阳性预测值为50.0%,13-三体阳性预测值33.3%。较传统产前筛查,其灵敏性和特异性很高,但是对21、18、13-三体以外染色体阳性预测值及微缺失微重复灵敏度不高,对染色体结构异常不敏感,如平衡易位、倒位、插入等。可见,无创DNA仍然不能代替传统的核型分析,但是仍不失为一种较好的检测方法。有报道[7-8], 随着测序技术的进一步发展,利用母体外周血中胎儿游离DNA进行无创产前诊断已成功检测到大于10 Mb缺失和重复的胎儿染色体异常及双胎妊娠孕妇胎儿染色体数目的变化。临床医生在建议孕妇选择检查方法时,一定要充分询问病史,充分遗传咨询,有产前诊断指征的不建议做无创DNA检测,以免漏诊,引发纠纷和悲剧。

    无创DNA检测是产前筛查手段的巨大进步,也是无创产前检测未来发展的趋势。尽管无创DNA检测具有很多优点,但仍有假阳性和假阴性发生,可能与母体肿瘤、母亲染色体异常、胎盘局限性嵌合体等因素有关[2, 9]。因本中心尚未开展绒毛遗传学检测,目前无从考证假阳性及假阴性原因,在未来几年,可望能尽快开展绒毛遗传学检测,进行更全面的产前检测。

    总之,无创产前DNA检测提高了染色体非整倍体疾病检出率的同时,弥补了侵入性产前诊断操作所带来的不足,具有较好的临床应用价值。但是由于无创产前DNA检测同时具有局限性,如仍存在假阳性和假阴性、无法精确检查平衡易位和嵌合体、不适用于本身为染色体数目异常的孕妇及多胎孕妇等,因此只能作为一种筛查方法[5, 10]。临床应用过程中应充分掌握无创产前DNA检测的适应证,多种产前筛查方法联合应用,提高染色体异常的检出率,预防胎儿出生缺陷的发生。

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