• 中国科技论文统计源期刊
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Volume 44 Issue 4
Apr.  2019
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Study on the correlation between cognitive function and craving in methamphetamine addicts

  • Corresponding author: XU Hua-shan, huashan985@163.com
  • Received Date: 2018-11-12
    Accepted Date: 2019-03-14
  • ObjectiveTo investigate the characteristics of cognitive function in methamphetamine addicts, and explore its relationship with craving.MethodsSeventy-two male methamphetamine addicts from a compulsory isolated detoxification center in Anhui Province and sixty male residents from a community were divided into the MA group and control group, respectively.The cognitive function and craving in two groups were measured using general situation questionnaire and Montreal cognitive assessment scale(MoCA).The craving in MA group was evaluated using visual analogue scale, and the correlation of cognitive function with craving in MA group was analyzed.ResultsThe visual space score, attention score, language score, abstraction score and delayed recall score, and total score of MoCA in MA group were significantly lower than those in control group(P < 0.01), and the differences of the scores of naming and orientation factors between two groups were not statistically significant(P>0.05).The correlation analysis results showed that the attention score, delayed recall score, and total score of MoCA in MA group were negatively correlated with craving(P < 0.05 and P < 0.01), and there was not significant correlation between visual space, naming, language, abstraction and orientation, and craving(P>0.05).ConclusionsThere is extensive cognitive impairment in methamphetamine addicts.Cognitive function is correlated with craving, and can predict the degree of craving, which can provide a theoretical basis for reducing craving and relapse by improving cognitive function.
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  • [1] 国家禁毒委员会.2017年中国禁毒报告[M].北京:中国国家禁毒委员会办公室, 2017.
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    [4] 孔伶俐, 孙忠国, 周田田, 等.蒙特利尔认知评估量表在轻度认知功能障碍诊断中的应用[J].中国健康心理学杂志, 2015, 23 (8):1212.
    [5] 钟娜, 赵敏.甲基苯丙胺对人类认知功能的影响[J].中国药物依赖性杂志, 2013(5):324.
    [6] WANG TY, FAN TT, BAO YP, et al.Pattern and related factors of cognitive impairment among chronic methamphetamine users[J]. Am J Addict, 2017, 26(2):145. doi: 10.1111/ajad.v26.2
    [7] RUSYNIAK DE.Neurologic manifestations of chronic methamphetamine abuse[J]. Psychiatric Clin North Am, 2013, 36(2):261. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2013.02.005
    [8] KIYATKIN EA.The hidden side of drug action:brain temperature changes induced by neuroactive drugs[J]. Psychopharmacologia, 2013, 225(4):765. doi: 10.1007/s00213-012-2957-9
    [9] 张志学, 李平, 樊丽丹, 等.长期戒断甲基苯丙胺依赖患者脑结构影像学改变[J].中南大学学报(医学版), 2018, 43(1):41.
    [10] VAN HOLST RJ, SCHILT T.Drug-related decrease in neuropsychological functions of abstinent drug users[J]. Curr Drug Abuse Rev, 2011, 4(1):42. doi: 10.2174/1874473711104010042
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    [12] CARATI C, SCHENK S.Role of dopamine D1-and D2-like receptor mechanisms in drug-seeking following methamphetamine self-administration in rats[J]. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2011, 98(3):449. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.02.010
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Study on the correlation between cognitive function and craving in methamphetamine addicts

    Corresponding author: XU Hua-shan, huashan985@163.com
  • 1. School of Mental Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Anhui 233030
  • 2. Bengbu Compulsory Isolated Detoxification Center, Bengbu Anhui 233000, China

Abstract: ObjectiveTo investigate the characteristics of cognitive function in methamphetamine addicts, and explore its relationship with craving.MethodsSeventy-two male methamphetamine addicts from a compulsory isolated detoxification center in Anhui Province and sixty male residents from a community were divided into the MA group and control group, respectively.The cognitive function and craving in two groups were measured using general situation questionnaire and Montreal cognitive assessment scale(MoCA).The craving in MA group was evaluated using visual analogue scale, and the correlation of cognitive function with craving in MA group was analyzed.ResultsThe visual space score, attention score, language score, abstraction score and delayed recall score, and total score of MoCA in MA group were significantly lower than those in control group(P < 0.01), and the differences of the scores of naming and orientation factors between two groups were not statistically significant(P>0.05).The correlation analysis results showed that the attention score, delayed recall score, and total score of MoCA in MA group were negatively correlated with craving(P < 0.05 and P < 0.01), and there was not significant correlation between visual space, naming, language, abstraction and orientation, and craving(P>0.05).ConclusionsThere is extensive cognitive impairment in methamphetamine addicts.Cognitive function is correlated with craving, and can predict the degree of craving, which can provide a theoretical basis for reducing craving and relapse by improving cognitive function.

  • 我国滥用甲基苯丙胺(methamphetamine,MA)、亚甲二氧甲基苯丙胺等苯丙胺类兴奋剂的人数和苯丙胺类兴奋剂在毒品中所占比例逐年递增, 截至2017年底,苯丙胺类兴奋剂滥用者达到151.5万,占比60.5%[1]。MA滥用可以导致视觉空间能力、注意力、记忆力、执行能力等认知功能损害和精神病症状[2]。何红波等[3]发现,新型毒品可以导致明显的、快速的认知功能损害。渴求是指吸食精神活性物质者对以往接触过的毒品存在再次吸食的欲望和难以控制的内驱力[3],它是导致MA成瘾者复吸的重要诱发因素。本研究探讨MA成瘾者认知功能的特征及其与渴求的关系,以期为开发针对性的戒毒方法和降低渴求、减少复吸提供参考。现作报道。

1.   资料与方法
  • 选取2017年7-11月期间在安徽某强制隔离戒毒所的男性MA成瘾者72名作为MA组。纳入标准:(1)符合《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》苯丙胺类兴奋剂使用障碍的诊断标准;(2)年龄>18岁;(3)以MA成瘾为主,排除伴随其他物质成瘾者。排除标准:(1)排除颅内压增高及严重躯体疾病、传染病者;(2)排除癫痫家族史和癫痫病史者;(3)排除有脑器质性精神障碍、严重精神障碍者。随机抽取蚌埠市某社区60名男性居民作为对照组。纳入标准:(1)年龄>18岁,受教育年限≥3年;(2)无脑血管疾病、癫痫、颅脑外伤等影响认知功能的躯体疾病;(3)无精神分裂症、心境障碍等精神疾病;(4)近5年内无酒精滥用,烟草成瘾除外。2组受试者均为男性,在年龄、职业、受教育程度、婚姻状况方面差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 1),具有可比性。本研究通过蚌埠医学院伦理委员会批准及审查。研究者充分向受试者告知研究的目的及流程、保密原则,受试者均签署知情同意书。MA受试者参加或退出研究不会影响其强制隔离或康复。

    分组 n 年龄/岁 婚姻状况 职业 受教育程度
    未婚 已婚 离异 小学及以下 初中 高中及以上
    MA组 72 32.04±4.85 25(34.72) 34(47.22) 13(18.06) 21(29.17) 51(70.83) 21(29.17) 38(52.78) 13(18.06)
    对照组 60 30.95±10.37 17(28.33) 26(43.33) 17(28.33) 20(33.33) 40(66.67) 20(33.33) 31(51.67) 9(15.00)
    χ2 0.80 2.05 0.27 0.37
    P >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05
    △示t
  • (1) 一般情况调查表,主要内容为年龄、婚姻状况、职业等人口学情况和初次吸毒年龄、吸毒剂量、年限、频率等吸毒情况。(2)蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Montreal cognitive assessment,MoCA),是在简易精神状态检查量表的基础上依据临床经验编制而成。作为评估MA成瘾者认知功能的工具[4],主要用于筛查轻度认知功能障碍的临床疾病。MoCA包含空间与执行、定向、延迟回忆、命名、抽象、注意以及语言7个因子,共计30分。正常分值应≥26分,<26分提示可能存在认知功能障碍。为了校正因受试者的教育程度不同而导致结果出现偏倚,对于学历在12年以下的受试者,在其测试结果上加1分。(3)视觉模拟标尺(visual analogue scale,VAS)是评估各种物质成瘾渴求程度的工具。VAS的分值范围为0~10分,极度渴求为“10”分,无渴求为“0”分,均取整数。VAS计分标准为:给受试者一条线段,告知受试者测试方法,让其根据个人感受在线段上作标记,随后研究者观察所做标记点距离“0”分的距离作为VAS评分依据。

  • 测评人员开展测评前经过统一的培训,筛选满足入组条件的受试者,研究人员在安静独立的环境下对受试者进行问卷调查和认知功能测试。MA成瘾组共发放问卷72份,健康对照组发放问卷60份,共收回有效问卷132份,有效回收率为100%。

  • 采用t检验和χ2检验。

2.   结果
  • 一般情况调查显示,MA组受试者初次吸毒年龄为(27.13±5.71)岁,每月花费200~3 000元,吸毒时间1~12年,一次吸毒剂量0.1~1.0 g,吸毒频率1.0~30.0天/次,入所时间2~11个月。MA组渴求VAS得分为(6.26±1.65)分,根据VAS评分,MA组轻度成瘾27人(37.50%),中度24人(33.33%),重度21人(29.17%)。

  • MA组视空间、注意、语言、抽象、延迟回忆5个因子得分和MoCA总分均明显低于对照组(P < 0.01);2组命名、定向因子得分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 2)。

    分组 n 视空间 命名 注意 语言 抽象 延迟回忆 定向 MoCA总分
    MA组 72 1.96±1.16 2.83±0.48 4.57±1.11 2.25±0.71 0.94±0.67 3.22±1.26 5.83±0.48 22.47±2.25
    对照组 60 4.30±0.83 2.90±0.30 5.95±0.22 2.80±0.40 1.87±0.34 4.27±0.86 5.92±0.28 28.00±1.35
    t 13.09 0.94 10.30 5.60 10.20 5.64 1.25 17.43
    P < 0.01 >0.05 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 >0.05 < 0.01
  • 相关分析显示,MA组受试者的注意(r=-0.328,P < 0.01)、延迟回忆(r=-0.245,P < 0.05)得分和MoCA总分(r=-0.448,P < 0.01)与渴求均呈负相关关系,而视空间、命名、语言、抽象、定向5个因子和渴求无显著相关关系(P>0.05)。

3.   讨论
  • MA成瘾者长期使用MA会导致其决策能力、工作记忆、视觉记忆、执行控制、精细运动等认知功能下降[5]。WANG等[6]Meta分析发现MA滥用可以造成广泛认知功能损害,包括情景记忆、运动技巧、执行功能、信息加工速度、语言等方面,与本研究中MA组在视空间、注意、语言、抽象、延迟回忆5个方面的认知功能损害一致。MA等苯丙胺类兴奋剂损害认知功能的机制包括:(1)MA滥用引起丘脑、扣带回、岛叶灰质和颞叶海马等大脑结构的改变;(2)MA通过各种生理机制对多巴胺能和5-羟色胺能神经元,导致持续性损伤,引起神经递质的紊乱[7-8]。MA成瘾者的脑结构及对应部位神经递质的改变涉及其记忆、注意、认知加工速度和执行功能等认知功能[9]

    本研究结果显示,MA组视空间、注意、语言、抽象、延迟回忆5个因子得分和MoCA总分均明显低于对照组,MA组受试者的注意、延迟回忆得分和MoCA总分与渴求均呈负相关关系。MA成瘾者的认知功能与渴求具有相关性的原因可能为,一方面认知功能可能与精神活性物质的成瘾及复吸的形成有关,如冲动抑制的损伤可能造成MA成瘾者倾向于忽视长期利益,做出短期回报高但是有害的决策,进而促进成瘾的形成[10],增加了其渴求感;另一方面,研究[11]证实苯丙胺类兴奋剂还可以造成颞叶、枕叶、额叶、岛叶灰质体积减少,促进多巴胺神经元末端多巴胺的释放,引起物质成瘾者对苯丙胺类兴奋剂产生精神成瘾,导致对MA的渴求。多巴胺不同受体在MA成瘾过程中发挥不同的作用,多巴胺D1受体与MA诱导自身给药、位置偏爱及觅药行为密切相关,而多巴胺D2受体和MA介导的神经毒性密切相关[12]。MA成瘾者认知功能对渴求有显著预测作用,为通过认知功能的评估预测渴求、减少复吸提供了更多可供观测的指标。

    综上,本研究通过对MA成瘾者认知功能和渴求的测量,分析了二者的相关性,为预测MA成瘾者的渴求和减少复吸提供了新的思路;但仍需进一步开展干预性研究以观察认知功能和渴求在干预过程中的变化规律,为评估成瘾者的渴求提供更为客观的指标。

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