[1] 张庆玲,李会琴.心理护理在减轻耳鼻喉部手术术后疼痛程度的应用体会[J].护士进修杂志,2013,28(6):537-538.
[2] Bayrak F,Gunday I,Memis D,et al.A comparison of oral midazolam,oral tramadol,and intranasal sufentanil premedication in pediatric patients[J].J Opioid Manag,2007,3(2): 74-78.
[3] 陈海莹.护理干预对减轻外科患者术后疼痛的效果观察[J].中国医药导报,2011,8(2):159.
[4] Jones A,Zachariae R.Gender,anxiety,and experimental pain sensitivity: an overview[J].J Am Med Womens Assoc,2002,57(2): 91-94.
[5] 李改云.护理干预对减轻外科患者术后疼痛的疗效观察[J].中国伤残医学,2014,22(7):238-239.
[6] Breau L.The science of pain measurement and the frustration of clinical pain assessment:Does an individualized numerical rating scale bridge the gap for children with intellectual disabilities[J].Pain,2010,150(2):213-214.
[7] 陈霜.耳鼻喉手术患儿的心理特点分析及护理措施[J].中国实用医药,2014,9(6):234-235.[8] Castellano P,Gamiz MJ,Bracero F,et al."Usual" morbidity of pediatric tonsillectomy:a study of 126 cases[J].Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp,2001,52(5):390-395.
[8] 蔡洁倍,吴洁梅.护理干预在减轻手外伤患者术后疼痛中的作用[J].中国基层医药,2012,19(14):2226-2227.
[9] Stelter K,Hempel JM,et al.Application methods of local anaesthetic infiltrations for postoperative pain relief in tonsillectomy:a prospective,randomised,double-blind,clinical trial [J].Otorhinolaryngol,2009,266(10):1615-1620.
[10] 钟碧芳,陈静华.护理干预在耳鼻喉科术后并发疼痛中的应用效果[J].护理实践与研究,2013,10(5):37-38.
[11] Wise SK,Wise JC,DelGaudio JM.Evaluation of postoperative pain after sinonasalsurgery[J].Am J Rhinol,2005,19(5):471-477.
[12] 潘璟.综合护理干预对耳鼻喉手术术后疼痛程度的影响观察[J].基层医学论坛,2014,18(24):3213-3214.
[13] Aydin ON,Ugur B,Ozgun S,et al.Pain prevention with intraoperative ketamine in outpatient children undergoing tonsillectomy or tonsillectomy and adenotomy[J].J Clin Anesth,2007,19(2):115-119.
[14] Sietsema WK.Standardization of pain measurements in clinical trials[J].Methods Mol Biol,2010,61(77):483-492.