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由胆管癌、肝癌、胰腺癌、十二指肠壶腹及乳头癌等病因所致的恶性胆管狭窄是临床上渐进性黄疸的常见病因。外科手术根治性切除是此类疾病治疗的首选方法。但由于恶性胆管狭窄发生部位的特殊性决定了其起病隐匿,早期诊断非常困难,70%~80%病人就诊时已处于中晚期而失去手术机会[1]。血清胆红素水平进行性升高以及胆汁缺失引起的肠黏膜屏障损害等因素是恶性胆管狭窄病人短期内病情恶化的直接原因[2],因此有效的胆管引流减黄治疗是延长病人生存时间的重要手段。与胆肠吻合术、经皮肝穿刺外引流和顺行胆管支架置入术相比,经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ERCP)置入胆管支架具有损伤小、恢复快、病人生存质量及耐受程度高等众多优势,已成为恶性胆管狭窄姑息性减黄治疗的主流方法。但胆管支架的治疗效果受多种因素影响,本研究旨在通过分析恶性胆管狭窄病人经ERCP行胆管支架置入治疗的术前、术中及术后相关性因素,进一步评估、预测该治疗方法在恶性胆管狭窄引流减黄治疗中的有效性和安全性。现作报道。
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结果显示,106例病人经ERCP胆管支架置入术后1周内血清总胆红素水平较术前下降明显[90.8(56.1, 157.8) vs 198.3(111.2, 264.0),Ζ=-7.867,P < 0.05],引流有效率70.8%。各分组引流有效率比较结果显示,恶性肝门部胆管狭窄中Bismuth Ⅰ型组、恶性远端胆管狭窄中金属支架引流组引流有效率分别明显高于BismuthⅡ-Ⅳ型组、塑料支架引流组(P < 0.05),而不同病变部位和不同支架数量组内引流效果比较差异不显著(P>0.05)(见表 1)。
分组 引流有效 胰腺炎 胆管炎 n(%) χ2 P n(%) χ2 P n(%) χ2 P 病变部位 肝门部 34(64.2) 2.23 > 0.05 22(41.5) 7.71 < 0.05 9(17.0) 4.97 < 0.05 远端 41(77.4) 9(17.0) 2(3.8) Bismuth Ⅰ型 17(81.0) 4.30 < 0.05 10(47.6) 0.54 > 0.05 1(4.8) 3.68 > 0.05 Ⅱ~Ⅳ型 17(53.1) 12(37.5) 8(25.0) 支架数量 单侧 9(50.0) 0.16 > 0.05 7(38.9) 0.03 > 0.05 4(22.2) 0.17 > 0.05 双侧 8(57.1) 5(35.7) 4(28.6) 支架类型 金属 18(94.7) 5.12 < 0.05 4(21.1) 0.35 > 0.05 1(5.3) 0.18 > 0.05 塑料 23(67.6) 5(14.7) 1(2.9) 表 1 各组引流有效率及术后并发症差异性分析结果
106例ERCP支架置入病人发生术后急性胰腺炎31例,急性胆管炎11例,其中仅1例胆管炎病人在同次住院期间行ERCP二次干预治疗,余均经对症治疗后恢复,无重症病人。无手术相关性穿孔、出血、肝脓肿等并发症发生。对各组术后并发症发生率行差异性分析,结果显示恶性肝门部胆管狭窄较远端胆管狭窄的ERCP支架置入术后急性胰腺炎及急性胆管炎的发生率明显升高(P < 0.05)(见表 1)。而在恶性肝门部胆管狭窄发生术后急性胆管炎的共9例病例中,有8例来自于Bismuth Ⅱ~Ⅳ病例。
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进一步分析术前及术中可能与支架引流效果相关的因素,结果显示术前血清白蛋白(ALB)水平、前白蛋白(preALB)水平及术中回抽目标胆管内淤积胆汁量在总体引流有效率差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)(见表 2)。在此基础上将ALB、preALB及回抽胆汁量作为自变量,将引流是否有效作为因变量进一步行多因素回归分析显示,术前ALB水平及术中回抽胆汁量与引流效果呈明显正相关(见表 3)。
指标 有效(n=75) 无效(n=31) uc P 年龄(x±s)/岁 70.6±11.82 70.0±11.17 0.24△ >0.05 女性/[n;百分率(%)] 36(48.0) 16(51.6) 0.12▲ >0.05 术前实验室指标 WBC/(×109/L) 7.09(5.37,10.16) 6.81(5.48,8.58) -0.54 >0.05 ALT/(U/L) 120(64,163) 88(48,164) -0.85 >0.05 AST/(U/L) 119(64,183) 91(45,185) -1.40 >0.05 TBIL/(μmol/L) 197.9(116.3,270.0) 198.7(86.7,255.0) -0.73 >0.05 preALB/(mg/L) 131(101,173) 105(65,141) -2.91 < 0.05 ALB/(g/L) 35.8(33.4,38.1) 31.8(29.8,34.5) -5.17 < 0.05 术中胆汁回抽量/mL 20(20,30) 10(10,15) -5.86 < 0.05 △示t值;▲示χ2值;WBC:白细胞;ALT:丙氨酸氨基转移酶;AST:天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶;TBIL:总胆红素 表 2 ERCP术前术中指标在不同引流效果间比较
自变量 β SE Waldχ2 P OR(95%CI) preALB 0.096 0.263 0.134 >0.05 1.10(0.66~1.84) ALB 0.364 0.102 12.805 < 0.05 1.44(1.18~1.76) 术中回抽胆汁量 0.235 0.055 18.444 < 0.05 1.26(1.14~1.41) 表 3 术前preALB、ALB、回抽胆汁量影响术后引流效果的logistic回归分析
经内镜逆行胆管支架置入在恶性胆管狭窄姑息性减黄治疗中的有效性和安全性分析
Efficacy and safety of endoscopic retrograde bile duct stent placement in the palliative treatment of malignant biliary stricture
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摘要:
目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)置入胆管支架治疗恶性胆管狭窄所致梗阻性黄疸的有效性及安全性,筛选胆管支架引流效果预测指标。 方法采用ERCP技术对106例不能手术切除的恶性胆管狭窄病人行胆管支架置入治疗。根据分析目的不同分为:恶性胆管狭窄肝门部与远端组;恶性肝门部胆管狭窄BismuthⅠ型与Ⅱ~Ⅳ型组;恶性肝门部胆管狭窄BismuthⅡ~Ⅳ型中单侧支架与双侧支架组;恶性远端胆管狭窄中塑料支架与金属支架组;支架引流有效与无效组。记录术前、术中及术后相关指标,比较术前术后及各组引流效果、术后并发症发生情况,分析筛选可能影响支架引流效果的相关指标。 结果106例病人术后1周内血清总胆红素水平较术前明显下降(P < 0.05),引流有效率70.8%。Bismuth Ⅰ型组、金属支架组引流有效率分别明显高于BismuthⅡ~Ⅳ型组、塑料支架组(P < 0.05)。恶性肝门部胆管狭窄较远端胆管狭窄的术后急性胰腺炎及急性胆管炎的发生率明显升高(P < 0.05)。术前血清白蛋白水平及术中回抽淤积胆汁量与引流效果呈明显正相关(P < 0.05)。 结论经ERCP置入胆管支架的姑息性减黄治疗安全有效,但对于引流效果及术后并发症相对风险较高之BismuthⅡ~Ⅳ型组应谨慎对待。术前血清白蛋白水平及术中回抽胆汁量可预测支架引流效果。 -
关键词:
- 胆管肿瘤 /
- 经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术 /
- 胆管支架 /
- 黄疸
Abstract:ObjectiveTo estimate the efficacy and safety of bile duct stent placement by endoscopic retrograde pancreatic angiography(ERCP) in the treatment of obstructive jaundice caused by malignant biliary stricture, and screen the predictive index of bile duct stent drainage effect. MethodsOne hundred and six patients with unresectable malignant bile duct stricture diagnosed by ERCP were treated with bile duct sent placement.According to the purpose of analysis, the patients were divided into the malignant bile duct stricture liver hilum and distal group, malignant hepatic bile duct stricture Bismuth type Ⅰ and Ⅱ-Ⅳ group and malignant hepatic bile duct stricture Bismuth type Ⅱ-Ⅳ unilateral stent and bilateral group, malignant distal bile duct stricture plastic stent and metal stent group and effective and ineffective stent drainage group.The preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative related indicators were recorded, the preoperative and postoperative drainage effects and postoperative complications in each group were compared, and the related indicators affecting the stent drainage effects were analyzed and screened. ResultsThe serum level of total bilirubin in 106 cases within 1 week after operation was significantly lower than that before operation(P < 0.05), and the effective drainage rate was 70.8%.The effective drainage rates in Bismuth Ⅰ group and metallic stent group were significantly higher than that in Bismuth Ⅱ-Ⅳ and plastic stent group(P < 0.05).The incidence rates of acute pancreatitis and cholangitis patients with malignant hilar bile duct stricture significantly increased compared with patients with distal bile duct stricture(P < 0.05).The preoperative serum albumin level and intraoperative congested bile volume were positively correlated with drainage effect(P < 0.05). ConclusionsBile duct stent placement by ERCP in the treatment of malignant biliary stricture is safe and effective, but Bismuth Ⅱ-Ⅳ cases should be treated with caution because of higher risks of ineffective drainage and complications.The preoperative serum ALB level and amount of congested bile can predict the drainage efficacy. -
表 1 各组引流有效率及术后并发症差异性分析结果
分组 引流有效 胰腺炎 胆管炎 n(%) χ2 P n(%) χ2 P n(%) χ2 P 病变部位 肝门部 34(64.2) 2.23 > 0.05 22(41.5) 7.71 < 0.05 9(17.0) 4.97 < 0.05 远端 41(77.4) 9(17.0) 2(3.8) Bismuth Ⅰ型 17(81.0) 4.30 < 0.05 10(47.6) 0.54 > 0.05 1(4.8) 3.68 > 0.05 Ⅱ~Ⅳ型 17(53.1) 12(37.5) 8(25.0) 支架数量 单侧 9(50.0) 0.16 > 0.05 7(38.9) 0.03 > 0.05 4(22.2) 0.17 > 0.05 双侧 8(57.1) 5(35.7) 4(28.6) 支架类型 金属 18(94.7) 5.12 < 0.05 4(21.1) 0.35 > 0.05 1(5.3) 0.18 > 0.05 塑料 23(67.6) 5(14.7) 1(2.9) 表 2 ERCP术前术中指标在不同引流效果间比较
指标 有效(n=75) 无效(n=31) uc P 年龄(x±s)/岁 70.6±11.82 70.0±11.17 0.24△ >0.05 女性/[n;百分率(%)] 36(48.0) 16(51.6) 0.12▲ >0.05 术前实验室指标 WBC/(×109/L) 7.09(5.37,10.16) 6.81(5.48,8.58) -0.54 >0.05 ALT/(U/L) 120(64,163) 88(48,164) -0.85 >0.05 AST/(U/L) 119(64,183) 91(45,185) -1.40 >0.05 TBIL/(μmol/L) 197.9(116.3,270.0) 198.7(86.7,255.0) -0.73 >0.05 preALB/(mg/L) 131(101,173) 105(65,141) -2.91 < 0.05 ALB/(g/L) 35.8(33.4,38.1) 31.8(29.8,34.5) -5.17 < 0.05 术中胆汁回抽量/mL 20(20,30) 10(10,15) -5.86 < 0.05 △示t值;▲示χ2值;WBC:白细胞;ALT:丙氨酸氨基转移酶;AST:天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶;TBIL:总胆红素 表 3 术前preALB、ALB、回抽胆汁量影响术后引流效果的logistic回归分析
自变量 β SE Waldχ2 P OR(95%CI) preALB 0.096 0.263 0.134 >0.05 1.10(0.66~1.84) ALB 0.364 0.102 12.805 < 0.05 1.44(1.18~1.76) 术中回抽胆汁量 0.235 0.055 18.444 < 0.05 1.26(1.14~1.41) -
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