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尿路结石是常见的泌尿外科疾病,在西方国家,据报道[1]肾结石的发病率为2%~19%,中国肾结石的总体患病率约为4.0%,整体上来说肾结石复发风险高。尿路结石的发生和许多因素相关,如营养不良、代谢异常以及环境和饮食因素等[2]。随着我国经济水平和国民健康意识的提高,特别是正常体检的普及,越来越多的中等大小的肾结石病人被发现。肾结石可引起腰背部疼痛、泌尿系统感染、肾功能受损和肾衰竭等[3]。根据肾结石大小和位置的不同,治疗方法也有所不同。目前,对于直径超过2 cm的肾结石,指南推荐将经皮肾镜取石术(percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PCNL)作为首选的一线治疗方法[4]。据报道[5-6]PCNL的治疗成功率超过95%,但仍存在严重并发症的可能,包括尿外渗(7.2%)、需要进行输血治疗的出血(11.2%~17.5%)、术后发热(21%~32.1%)、败血症(0.3%~4.7%)、以及与此过程相关的结肠损伤(0.2%~0.8%)或胸膜损伤(0~3.1%)。随着输尿管软镜制造技术的进步,激光碎石系统(光纤等)的发展,输尿管软镜激光碎石使泌尿科医师能够通过人体自然腔道处理肾下盏结石甚至较复杂的肾结石,并达到满意的清石率[7]。因此,无论是否存在PCNL禁忌证,可能会有一部分患有中等大小肾结石(2~3 cm)的病人可以行输尿管软镜取石术(flexible ureteroscopy lithotripsy,FURL)治疗。本研究比较PCNL和FURL激光碎石在治疗2~3 cm肾结石中的疗效和安全性。
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2组病人的性别、年龄以及结石的特征(位置、大小)差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 1)。
分组 n 年龄/岁 男 女 结石位置 结石
大小/cm中盏 下盏 PCNL组 25 52.24±11.71 17 8 18 7 2.48±0.34 FURL组 25 51.20±11.20 16 9 15 10 2.46±0.32 t — 0.32 0.09* 0.80* 0.17 P — >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 *示χ2值 表 1 2组病人一般资料比较( $\overline x \pm s$ )
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PCNL组的手术时间明显短于FURL组(P < 0.01), PCNL组的血红蛋白下降量和术后住院时间明显大于FURL组(P < 0.01),2组病人的结石清除率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 2)。
分组 n 手术
时间/min血红蛋白
下降量/(g/L)术后住院
时间/d结石清除 PCNL组 25 65.08±7.51 14.92±8.19 7.08±1.75 20(80.00) FURL组 25 73.56±6.75 2.44±2.99 2.20±0.91 18(72.00) t — 4.20 7.15 12.34 0.44* P — <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 >0.05 *示χ2值 表 2 2组病人围手术情况和结石清除率比较( $\overline x \pm s$ )
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2组病人的输血率、术后发生尿路感染率和二期手术或行ESWL率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 3)。
分组 n 尿路感染 输血 二期手术或行ESWL PCNL组 25 4(16.00) 3(12.00) 0(0.00) FURL组 25 3(12.00) 0(0.00) 1(4.00) χ2 — 0.00 1.42 — P — >0.05 >0.05 >0.05* *示Fisher′s确切概率法 表 3 2组病人术后输血与感染率比较[n;百分率(%)]
输尿管软镜取石术与经皮肾镜取石术治疗2~3 cm肾结石的有效性和安全性分析
Analysis of the efficacy and safety of flexible ureteroscopy lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the treatment of kidney stone with a diameter of 2 to 3 cm
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摘要:
目的 比较经皮肾镜和输尿管软镜取石术在治疗2~3 cm肾结石中的作用。 方法 回顾性分析50例2~3 cm肾结石病人的病例资料,行经皮肾镜取石术(percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PCNL)的病人设为PCNL组,行输尿管软镜取石术(flexible ureteroscopy lithotripsy,FURL)的病人设为FURL组,每组25例。分析2组结石清除率手术时间输血率血红蛋白下降量术后住院时间等。 结果 FURL组和PCNL组的结石清除率分别为72.00%和80.00%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。PCNL组的手术时间明显短于FURL组(P < 0.01),PCNL组的血红蛋白下降量和术后住院时间明显大于FURL组(P < 0.01),2组病人的结石清除率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组病人的输血率、术后发生尿路感染率和二期手术或行ESWL率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05) 结论 FURL和PCNL均是治疗2~3 cm肾结石的有效方法,与PCNL相比,FURL失血更少,恢复时间短。 Abstract:Objective To compare the clinical effects between percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and flexible ureteroscopy lithotripsy (FURL) in the treatment of kidney stone with a diameter of 2 to 3 cm. Methods The clinical data of 50 patients with kidney stone were retrospectively analyzed.Twenty-five cases treated with PCNL and 25 cases treated with FURL were divided into the PCNL group and FURL group, respectively.The stone-free rate, operating time, blood transfusion rate, hemoglobin drop and postoperative hospitalization time were compared between two groups. Results The stone clearance rates in the FURL group and PCNL group were 72.00% and 80.00%, respectively, and the difference of which was not statistically significant (P>0.05).The operation time in PCNL group was shorter than that in FURL group (P < 0.01), and the hemoglobin drop and postoperative hospitalization time in PCNL group were greater than those in FURL group (P < 0.01).There was no statistical significances in the blood transfusion rate, postoperative urinary tract infection rate, and secondary surgery or ESWL rate between two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Both FURL and PCNL are effective methods for treating kidney stones with a diameter of 2 to 3 cm, but FURL has less blood loss and shorter recovery time compared with PCNL. -
表 1 2组病人一般资料比较(
)$\overline x \pm s$ 分组 n 年龄/岁 男 女 结石位置 结石
大小/cm中盏 下盏 PCNL组 25 52.24±11.71 17 8 18 7 2.48±0.34 FURL组 25 51.20±11.20 16 9 15 10 2.46±0.32 t — 0.32 0.09* 0.80* 0.17 P — >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 *示χ2值 表 2 2组病人围手术情况和结石清除率比较(
)$\overline x \pm s$ 分组 n 手术
时间/min血红蛋白
下降量/(g/L)术后住院
时间/d结石清除 PCNL组 25 65.08±7.51 14.92±8.19 7.08±1.75 20(80.00) FURL组 25 73.56±6.75 2.44±2.99 2.20±0.91 18(72.00) t — 4.20 7.15 12.34 0.44* P — <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 >0.05 *示χ2值 表 3 2组病人术后输血与感染率比较[n;百分率(%)]
分组 n 尿路感染 输血 二期手术或行ESWL PCNL组 25 4(16.00) 3(12.00) 0(0.00) FURL组 25 3(12.00) 0(0.00) 1(4.00) χ2 — 0.00 1.42 — P — >0.05 >0.05 >0.05* *示Fisher′s确切概率法 -
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