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胃癌是一种高发的消化系统恶性肿瘤,其死亡率和发病率在恶性肿瘤中均位居前列,由胃癌导致的死亡在恶性肿瘤病死原因中位居第二位,研究胃癌的发病机制,延长胃癌病人的生存期,减少死亡人数及复发是目前亟需解决的关键问题[1-2]。肿瘤细胞以有氧糖酵解为主要供能方式,丙酮酸激酶、己糖激酶等是糖酵解过程中的关键限速酶,乳酸是糖酵解的主要产物之一,肿瘤细胞糖酵解水平与己糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶等的水平有关,肿瘤细胞增殖、凋亡等过程离不开三磷酸腺苷(ATP)的参与[3-4]。Yes相关蛋白(Yes-associated protein, YAP)参与调控肿瘤的发生,其在肺癌、肝癌等多种癌症中高度表达,可以调控肺癌等癌细胞的生长[5-6]。研究[7]显示,YAP在胃癌中表达上调与胃癌的预后等有关,而对于其是否可以调控肿瘤细胞的生长、凋亡和能量代谢尚不明确。本实验以胃癌细胞为研究对象,通过体外细胞转染YAP小干扰RNA下调细胞中YAP的表达,探讨YAP在胃癌细胞增殖、克隆形成及能量代谢中的作用,为研究胃癌的发病机制奠定基础。
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siRNA-NC细胞中YAP mRNA和蛋白水平与Con差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。YAP siRNA细胞中YAP mRNA和蛋白水平明显低于Con(P < 0.05)(见表 1)。
分组 YAP mRNA YAP蛋白 Con 1.00±0.00 1.14±0.12 siRNA-NC 1.02±0.13 1.13±0.10 YAP siRNA 0.35±0.04*# 0.42±0.06*# F 70.69 54.78 P < 0.01 < 0.01 MS组内 0.007 0.009 q检验:与Con比较*P < 0.05;与siRNA-NC比较#P < 0.05 表 1 各组细胞中YAP mRNA和蛋白水平(x±s;ni=3)
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siRNA-NC细胞吸光度值和克隆形成率与Con差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。YAP siRNA细胞吸光度值和克隆形成率明显低于Con(P < 0.05)。下调YAP抑制胃癌细胞增殖活性,降低细胞克隆形成能力(见表 2)。
分组 吸光度值 克隆形成率/% Con 0.74±0.08 35.28±3.47 siRNA-NC 0.73±0.06 36.17±3.64 YAP siRNA 0.45±0.03*# 22.76±2.12*# F 22.38 16.99 P < 0.01 < 0.01 MS组内 0.004 9.928 q检验:与Con比较*P < 0.05;与siRNA-NC比较#P < 0.05 表 2 细胞吸光度值和克隆形成率(x±s;ni=3)
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siRNA-NC细胞凋亡率与Con差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。YAP siRNA细胞凋亡率明显高于Con(P < 0.05)。下调YAP诱导胃癌细胞凋亡(见图 1、表 3)。
分组 细胞凋亡率/% F P MS组内 Con 9.96±0.82 siRNA-NC 10.34±1.07 126.72 < 0.01 6.237 YAP siRNA 38.26±4.11*# q检验:与Con比较*P < 0.05;与siRNA-NC比较#P < 0.05 表 3 各组细胞凋亡率比较(x±s;ni=3)
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siRNA-NC细胞ATP水平、上清液中乳酸含量与Con差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。YAP siRNA细胞ATP水平、上清液中乳酸含量明显低于Con(P < 0.05)。下调YAP抑制胃癌细胞糖酵解(见表 4)。
分组 ATP相对含量 乳酸相对含量 Con 1.00±0.00 1.00±0.00 siRNA-NC 0.98±0.08 1.01±0.09 YAP siRNA 0.65±0.04*# 0.55±0.07*# F 43.46 47.79 P < 0.01 < 0.01 MS组内 0.008 0.008 q检验:与Con比较*P < 0.05;与siRNA-NC比较#P < 0.05 Con, Cleaved Caspase-3水平明显高于Con(P < 0.05) 表 4 各组细胞ATP相对含量和培养液上清液中乳酸相对含量(x±s;ni=3)
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siRNA-NC细胞HK2、PKM2、Cleaved Caspase-3水平与Con差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。YAP siRNA细胞HK2、PKM2水平明显低于。下调YAP抑制胃癌细胞HK2、PKM2表达,促进Cleaved Caspase-3表达(见表 5)。
分组 HK2 PKM2 Cleaved Caspase-3 Con 0.99±0.08 1.04±0.11 0.47±0.06 siRNA-NC 1.02±0.06 1.03±0.12 0.45±0.07 YAP siRNA 0.48±0.04*# 0.51±0.06*# 0.98±0.09*# F 71.46 27.48 48.92 P < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 MS组内 0.007 0.009 0.006 q检验:与Con比较*P < 0.05;与siRNA-NC比较#P < 0.05 表 5 HK2、PKM2、Cleaved Caspase-3蛋白水平(x±s;ni=3)
下调Yes相关蛋白对胃癌细胞克隆形成能力和能量代谢的影响
Effect of the down-regulation of Yes-associated protein on the cloning ability and energy metabolism of gastric cancer cells
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摘要:
目的研究下调Yes相关蛋白(Yes-associated protein,YAP)对胃癌细胞克隆形成能力及能量代谢的影响。 方法胃癌细胞BGC823转染YAP小干扰RNA(YAP siRNA)和小干扰RNA阴性对照(siRNA-NC),同时以不做转染的细胞为对照(Con),qRT-PCR测定细胞中YAP mRNA水平,Western blotting测定细胞中YAP蛋白水平,噻唑蓝(MTT)测定细胞增殖活性,平板克隆实验测定细胞克隆形成能力,试剂盒测定细胞中三磷酸腺苷(ATP)水平及培养液上清中乳酸含量,Western blotting测定能量代谢相关蛋白己糖激酶2(HK2)、丙酮酸激酶M2亚型(PKM2)和活化的含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶3(Cleaved Caspase-3)的水平。 结果YAP siRNA细胞中YAP mRNA和蛋白水平均明显低于Con(P < 0.05),siRNA-NC细胞中YAP mRNA和蛋白水平与Con差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。YAP siRNA细胞增殖活性、克隆形成率明显低于Con(P < 0.05),细胞凋亡率明显高于Con(P < 0.05),细胞中ATP水平低于Con(P < 0.05),上清中乳酸含量低于Con(P < 0.05),细胞中HK2、PKM2蛋白水平也低于Con(P < 0.05),而Cleaved Caspase-3水平高于Con(P < 0.05)。 结论下调YAP可以降低胃癌细胞克隆形成能力和增殖活性,诱导Caspase-3介导的胃癌细胞凋亡,干扰糖酵解关键酶HK2、PKM2的表达,降低细胞ATP水平,抑制胃癌细胞糖酵解。 Abstract:ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of the down-regulation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) on the cloning ability and energy metabolism of gastric cancer cells. MethodsThe YAP small interfering RNA (YAP siRNA) and negative small interfering RNA (siRNA-NC) were transfected into the gastric cancer cell line BGC823, respectively, and the cells without transfection was set as the control (con).The levels of mRNA and protein level of YAP in cells were detected using the qRT-PCR and western blotting, respectively.The cell proliferation activity and cloning ability were determined using the MTT and plate cloning assay, respectively.The level of ATP in cells and content of lactic acid in supernatant of culture medium were determined by kit.The levels of related energy metabolism proteins HK2, PKM2 and apoptotic protein cleaved caspase-3 were determined using western blotting. ResultsThe levels of YAP mRNA and protein in YAP siRNA cells were significantly lower than those in Con cells (P < 0.05), and the differences of the levels of YAP mRNA and protein between siRNA-NC and Con cells were not statistically significant (P>0.05).The cell proliferation and colony formation rate in YAP siRNA cells were significantly lower than those in Con cells (P < 0.05), and the apoptosis rate in YAP siRNA cells was significantly higher than that in Con cells (P < 0.05).The level of ATP in cells, content of lactic acid in supernatant and levels of HK2 and PKM2 protein in YAP siRNA cells were lower than those in Con cells (P < 0.05), and the level of cleaved caspase-3 in YAP siRNA cells was higher than that in Con cells (P < 0.05). ConclusionsThe down regulation of YAP can reduce the abilities of clone formation and proliferation, induce the caspase-3 mediated apoptosis, interfer the expression of key enzymes HK2 and PKM2, decrease the level of ATP and inhibit the glycolysis in gastric cancer cells. -
Key words:
- gastric neoplasms /
- energy metabolism /
- Yes-associated protein /
- cell cloning
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表 1 各组细胞中YAP mRNA和蛋白水平(x±s;ni=3)
分组 YAP mRNA YAP蛋白 Con 1.00±0.00 1.14±0.12 siRNA-NC 1.02±0.13 1.13±0.10 YAP siRNA 0.35±0.04*# 0.42±0.06*# F 70.69 54.78 P < 0.01 < 0.01 MS组内 0.007 0.009 q检验:与Con比较*P < 0.05;与siRNA-NC比较#P < 0.05 表 2 细胞吸光度值和克隆形成率(x±s;ni=3)
分组 吸光度值 克隆形成率/% Con 0.74±0.08 35.28±3.47 siRNA-NC 0.73±0.06 36.17±3.64 YAP siRNA 0.45±0.03*# 22.76±2.12*# F 22.38 16.99 P < 0.01 < 0.01 MS组内 0.004 9.928 q检验:与Con比较*P < 0.05;与siRNA-NC比较#P < 0.05 表 3 各组细胞凋亡率比较(x±s;ni=3)
分组 细胞凋亡率/% F P MS组内 Con 9.96±0.82 siRNA-NC 10.34±1.07 126.72 < 0.01 6.237 YAP siRNA 38.26±4.11*# q检验:与Con比较*P < 0.05;与siRNA-NC比较#P < 0.05 表 4 各组细胞ATP相对含量和培养液上清液中乳酸相对含量(x±s;ni=3)
分组 ATP相对含量 乳酸相对含量 Con 1.00±0.00 1.00±0.00 siRNA-NC 0.98±0.08 1.01±0.09 YAP siRNA 0.65±0.04*# 0.55±0.07*# F 43.46 47.79 P < 0.01 < 0.01 MS组内 0.008 0.008 q检验:与Con比较*P < 0.05;与siRNA-NC比较#P < 0.05 Con, Cleaved Caspase-3水平明显高于Con(P < 0.05) 表 5 HK2、PKM2、Cleaved Caspase-3蛋白水平(x±s;ni=3)
分组 HK2 PKM2 Cleaved Caspase-3 Con 0.99±0.08 1.04±0.11 0.47±0.06 siRNA-NC 1.02±0.06 1.03±0.12 0.45±0.07 YAP siRNA 0.48±0.04*# 0.51±0.06*# 0.98±0.09*# F 71.46 27.48 48.92 P < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 MS组内 0.007 0.009 0.006 q检验:与Con比较*P < 0.05;与siRNA-NC比较#P < 0.05 -
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