-
严重膝关节疾病多发于高龄人,全膝关节置换术(TKA)是其主要治疗方法。该手术常于全麻下完成,由于手术创伤大,术后疼痛剧烈,导致病人满意度低。
研究表明,TKA术后约15%~20%的病人对镇痛不满意[1],且疼痛是可能导致术后谵妄(POD)的高危因素[2]。静脉应用阿片类药物是缓解术后疼痛的主要方法,但常规剂量时即可诱发恶心呕吐。疼痛及术后恶心呕吐(PONV)影响膝关节功能锻炼和康复,恶化病人的预后及转归。因此,缓解术后疼痛,降低PONV和POD,对于提高满意度,促进病人快速康复具有一定意义。神经阻滞是常用的麻醉方法之一,其主要通过阻断神经冲动传导使神经支配区域产生麻醉作用,该方法具有操作简单,镇痛效果确切的特点,常复合应用于骨科手术。由于股神经和坐骨神经共同支配膝关节[3],本研究拟评价股神经—坐骨神经阻滞用于高龄病人全麻下TKA的效果,为临床应用提供参考。
-
2组病人一般资料差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 1)。
分组 年龄/岁 男 女 ASA分级 BMI/(kg/m2) 手术时间/min Ⅰ Ⅱ G组 70.3131±3.12 20 10 18 12 21.22±1.74 101.24±10.31 GNB组 69.21±3.04 19 11 16 14 20.82±1.63 99.13±11.23 t 1.29 0.73* 0.27* 0.47 0.74 P > 0.05 > 0.05 > 0.05 > 0.05 > 0.05 *示χ2值 表 1 2组病人一般资料比较(ni=30;x±s)
-
与G组比较,GNB组病人丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼用量均明显降低(P < 0.01)(见表 2)。
分组 n 丙泊酚/(mg/min) 瑞芬太尼/(μg/min) G组 30 5.12±0.45 13.38±1.03 GNB组 30 4.01±0.53 1.42±0.33 t — 9.41 65.05* P — < 0.01 < 0.01 *示t′值 表 2 2组病人单位时间全麻药用量的比较(x±s)
-
与G组比较,GNB组病人PONV和POD发生率降低(P<0.05),2组病人曲马多追加次数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 3)。
分组 n PONV发生 POD发生 曲马多追加次数 G组 30 8 8 7 GNB组 30 1 1 1 χ2 — 4.71 4.71 3.61 P — < 0.05 < 0.05 > 0.05 表 3 2组病人PONV和曲马多追加次数的比较
-
与G组比较,GNB组病人术后病人满意度明显升高(P < 0.01),2组病人住院时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 4)。
分组 n 病人满意度/分 住院时间/d G组 30 3.84±0.42 9.61±0.92 GNB组 30 4.20±0.63 9.34±1.01 t — 3.04* 1.22 P — < 0.01 > 0.05 *示t′值 表 4 2组病人满意度和住院时间的比较(x±s)
股神经-坐骨神经阻滞在全麻下高龄病人全膝置换术中的应用效果观察
Application effect of femoral-sciatic nerve block in the total knee arthroplasty under gneral anesthesia in elderly patients
-
摘要:
目的评价股神经-坐骨神经阻滞用于全麻下高龄病人全膝置换术(TKA)的效果。 方法择期单侧TKA病人60例,年龄>65岁,ASA分级Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级,体质量指数18~25 kg/m2,性别不限。采用随机数字表法将其分为全麻组(G组)和全麻复合神经阻滞组(GNB组),各30例。GNB组于麻醉诱导前采用超声引导下行患侧股神经-坐骨神经阻滞,0.5%罗哌卡因股神经穿刺点注入20~25 mL,坐骨神经穿刺点注入15~20 mL,总量不超过40 mL。术后2组行术后静脉镇痛治疗。记录病人单位时间内丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼用量。术后48 h随访,记录2组术后恶心呕吐(PONV)和术后谵妄的发生情况,视觉模拟评分>3分时静脉注射曲马多2 mg/kg,记录2组曲马多的追加次数。术后48 h时行病人满意度评分,记录病人的住院时间。 结果与G组比较,GNB组病人丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼用量均降低,PONV发生率及病人满意度升高(P < 0.05~P < 0.01),2组病人住院时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论股神经-坐骨神经阻滞用于高龄病人全麻下TKA具有良好术后镇痛效应,并可减少全麻药用量,降低PONV,增加病人满意度。 Abstract:ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of femoral-sciatic nerve block in the total knee arthroplasty(TKA) under general anesthesia in elderly patients. MethodsSixty patients with single side TKA, more than 65 years, ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱand body mass index 18~25 kg/m2, were randomly divided into the general anesthesia group(group G) and general anesthesia combined with nerve block group(group GNB) using a random number table(30 cases each group).Before anesthesia induction, the group GNB was dealed with femoral-sciatic nerve block in the affected side guided by ultrasound.The 20-25 mL and 15-20 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine were injected into the femoral nerve puncture point and sciatic nerve puncture point, respectively, and the total amount was less than 40 mL.Two groups were treated with postoperative patient controlled intravenous analgesia.The dosage of propofol and remifentanil per unit time in two groups was recorded.The incidence rates of postoperative nausea and vomiting(PONV) and postoperative delirium in two groups during postoperative 48 h were recorded.The 2 mg/kg tramadol was intravenously injected at VAS>3 scores, and the adding times of tramadol administrated in two groups were recorded.The satisfaction scores after 48 h of operation and time of hospitalization were recorded in two groups. ResultsCompared with group G, the dosage of propofol and remifentanil decreased, and the incidence rate of PONV and satisfaction degree increased in group GNB(P < 0.05 to P < 0.01).There was no statistical significance in the time of hospitalization between two groups(P>0.05). ConclusionsFemoral-sciatic nerve block shows a good postoperative analgesic effect in the TKA under general anesthesia in elderly patients, which can reduce the consumption of general anesthetics, decrease the incidence of PONV, and improve the patients' satisfaction. -
Key words:
- total knee arthroplasty /
- nerve block /
- elderly patient
-
表 1 2组病人一般资料比较(ni=30;x±s)
分组 年龄/岁 男 女 ASA分级 BMI/(kg/m2) 手术时间/min Ⅰ Ⅱ G组 70.3131±3.12 20 10 18 12 21.22±1.74 101.24±10.31 GNB组 69.21±3.04 19 11 16 14 20.82±1.63 99.13±11.23 t 1.29 0.73* 0.27* 0.47 0.74 P > 0.05 > 0.05 > 0.05 > 0.05 > 0.05 *示χ2值 表 2 2组病人单位时间全麻药用量的比较(x±s)
分组 n 丙泊酚/(mg/min) 瑞芬太尼/(μg/min) G组 30 5.12±0.45 13.38±1.03 GNB组 30 4.01±0.53 1.42±0.33 t — 9.41 65.05* P — < 0.01 < 0.01 *示t′值 表 3 2组病人PONV和曲马多追加次数的比较
分组 n PONV发生 POD发生 曲马多追加次数 G组 30 8 8 7 GNB组 30 1 1 1 χ2 — 4.71 4.71 3.61 P — < 0.05 < 0.05 > 0.05 表 4 2组病人满意度和住院时间的比较(x±s)
分组 n 病人满意度/分 住院时间/d G组 30 3.84±0.42 9.61±0.92 GNB组 30 4.20±0.63 9.34±1.01 t — 3.04* 1.22 P — < 0.01 > 0.05 *示t′值 -
[1] BOURNE RB, CHESWORTH BM, DAVIS AM, et al.Patient satisfaction after total knee arthroplasty:who is satisfied and who is not?[J].ClinOrthop Relat Res, 2010, 468(1):57. [2] INOUYE SK, WESTENDORP RGJ, SACZYNSKI JS.Delirium in elderly people[J].Lancet, 2014, 383(9920):911. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60688-1 [3] 马宁, 李露, 杨庆国, 等.连续股神经阻滞联合浸润麻醉用于全膝关节置换术病人术后镇痛的效果[J].中华麻醉学杂志, 2015, 35(5):555. [4] 黄志豪, 陈珊娥, 魏志英, 等.复合异丙酚时羟考酮用于人工流产术病人麻醉的适宜剂量[J].中华麻醉学杂志, 2015, 35(10):1245. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-1416.2015.10.019 [5] INOUYE SK, VAN DYCK CH, ALESSI CA, et al.Clarifying confusion:the confusion assessment method.A new method for detection of delirium[J].Ann Intern Med, 1990, 113(12):941. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-113-12-941 [6] AVIDAN MS, MAYBRIER HR, ABDALLAH AB, et al.Intraoperative ketamine for prevention of postoperative delirium or pain after major surgery in older adults:an international, multicentre, double-blind, randomised clinical trial[J].Lancet 2017, 390(10091):267. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31467-8 [7] 杜俊群, 李卫.选择性腰丛加坐骨神经阻滞在高龄老人髋关节置换术的临床应用[J].江西医药, 2014, 49(12):1365. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-2238.2014.12.010 [8] 梁纯波.全身麻醉复合神经阻滞用于老年全髋关节置换术的效果分析[J].现代医药卫生, 2014, 30(19):2976. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-5519.2014.19.045 [9] 陆小龙, 梅斌, 陈士寿, 等.超声引导下腰骶丛神经阻滞联合全麻在高龄病人髋关节置换术的临床应用[J].临床麻醉学杂志, 2016, 32(3):237. [10] CUVILLON P, REUBRECHT V, ZORIC L, et al.Comparison of subgluteal sciatic nerve block duration in type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients[J].Br J Anaesth, 2013, 110(5):823. doi: 10.1093/bja/aes496