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自十八届三中全会正式开放"单独二胎"政策之后,十八届五中全会进一步决定全面实施一对夫妇可生育两个孩子的政策。在这一人口与生育政策鼓励之下,未来更多儿童青少年将从独生子女进入同胞关系[1]。同胞关系是家庭系统中最直接、最持久的人际纽带,是儿童青少年社会性发展的重要指标之一[2]。儿童对"二孩"的接纳程度是其将来或现有同胞关系的表现。儿童早期消极同胞关系与青少年期的内化和外化问题行为有显著正相关关系[3],而攻击行为则是儿童青少年外化行为问题之一[4]。攻击行为不仅会对他人和社会造成危害,还会对儿童的同伴关系产生不利影响[5-6],横断研究[7-9]结果表明,同伴攻击行为与同胞攻击行为紧密相关,进而造成消极的同胞关系。以往研究[10-11]大多考虑亲子关系、家庭情况对同胞关系的影响,对儿童攻击行为与"二孩"接纳程度关系的研究未见报道。为此,本研究以蚌埠市三所学校2~6年级共计1 353名小学生为对象,采用问卷调查的方法寻求儿童攻击行为与对"二孩"的接纳程度的关系,可为促进儿童社会性发展和"二孩"政策顺利实施的干预措施制定提供理论参考。
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结果显示接纳程度评分为偏态分布,因此接纳程度的平均水平采用中位数(M)表示。531名独生子女对"二孩"接纳程度评分M=19,295名"一孩"对"二孩"接纳程度评分M=17。按照接纳程度评分<M设为不接纳,≥M的设为接纳。总接纳率为59.40%,"一孩"对"二孩"接纳率为64.56%,明显高于独生子女对"二孩"的接纳率55.56%(P<0.01)(见表 1)。
分组 接纳 不接纳 合计 χ2 P 独生子女 295(55.56) 236(44.44) 531 "一孩" 255(64.56) 140(35.44) 395 7.61 < 0.01 合计 550(59.40) 376(40.60) 926 表 1 独生子女和"一孩"对"二孩"的接纳率比较[n; 百分率(%)]
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结果显示,综合攻击行为及其四个维度评分均为偏态分布,因此综合攻击行为及其四维度得分的平均水平采用中位数(M)表示。531名独生子女的综合攻击分数M=24,躯体攻击、语言攻击、愤怒和敌意四个维度评分分别M=4、7、7、6。295名"一孩"的综合攻击分数M=25,四个维度评分分别M=5、7、7、6。"一孩"在躯体攻击维度的得分高于独生子女在该维度的得分(P<0.01)(见表 2)。
分组 攻击 躯体攻击 语言攻击 愤怒 敌意 独生子女 24(20~30) 4(3~7) 7(5~8) 7(5~9) 6(4~8) "一孩" 25(20~30) 5(3~7) 7(5~8) 7(4~9) 6(4~8) Z -1.393 -2.661 -0.282 -0.687 -0.576 P > 0.05 < 0.01 > 0.05 > 0.05 > 0.05 表 2 独生子女与"一孩"的攻击行为状况的比较[M(P25~P75)]
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独生子女对"二孩"的接纳率在攻击及其四维度的低、中、高三水平组上的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。接纳者在总体攻击行为、躯体攻击、语言攻击、愤怒和敌意的低、中、高三组中所占比例逐渐减少(见表 3)。
特征 接纳 不接纳 合计 χ2 P 性别 男 174(54.89) 143(45.11) 317 0.14 >0.05 女 121(56.54) 93(43.46) 214 年龄/岁 7 16(42.11) 22(57.89) 38 8 46(56.10) 36(43.90) 82 9 68(64.15) 38(35.85) 106 8.52 >0.05 10 89(57.79) 65(42.21) 154 11 53(52.48) 48(47.52) 101 12 23(46.00) 27(54.00) 50 攻击 ≤P25 115(69.28) 51(30.72) 166 >P25~<P75 131(57.46) 97(42.54) 228 34.72 <0.01 ≥P75 49(35.77) 88(64.23) 137 躯体 ≤P25 134(64.11) 75(35.89) 209 >P25~<P75 95(53.67) 82(46.33) 177 12.37 <0.01 ≥P75 66(45.52) 79(54.48) 145 语言 ≤P25 94(63.09) 55(36.91) 149 >P25~<P75 116(60.10) 77(39.90) 193 13.61 <0.01 ≥P75 85(44.97) 104(55.03) 189 愤怒 ≤P25 124(65.96) 64(34.04) 188 >P25~<P75 102(54.55) 85(45.45) 187 16.42 <0.01 ≥P75 69(44.23) 87(55.77) 156 敌意 ≤P25 128(67.02) 63(32.98) 191 >P25~<P75 101(52.06) 93(47.94) 194 17.45 <0.01 ≥P75 66(45.21) 80(54.79) 146 表 3 独生子女对"二孩"的接纳状况的单因素分析[n; 百分率(%)]
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"一孩"对"二孩"的接纳率在年龄上的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01),并且在总体攻击行为、躯体攻击、语言攻击和敌意的低、中、高三水平组中差异也具有统计学意义(Pv0.01)。接纳者在攻击、躯体攻击、语言攻击和敌意的低、中、高三水平组中所占比例逐渐减少(见表 4)。
特征 接纳 不接纳 合计 χ2 P 性别 男 116(64.80) 63(35.20) 179 0.01 >0.05 女 139(64.35) 77(35.65) 216 年龄/岁 7 17(65.38) 9(34.62) 26 8 34(54.84) 28(45.16) 62 9 51(68.92) 23(31.08) 74 18.59 <0.01 10 71(69.61) 31(30.39) 102 11 63(74.12) 22(25.88) 85 12 19(41.30) 27(58.70) 46 攻击 ≤P25 90(82.57) 19(17.43) 109 >P25~<P75 110(63.22) 64(36.78) 174 27.28 <0.01 ≥P75 55(49.11) 57(50.89) 112 躯体 ≤P25 102(80.95) 24(19.05) 126 >P25~<P75 84(61.31) 53(38.69) 137 24.14 <0.01 ≥P75 69(52.27) 63(47.73) 132 语言 ≤P25 84(71.79) 33(28.21) 117 >P25~<P75 104(70.27) 44(29.73) 148 14.42 <0.01 ≥P75 67(51.54) 63(48.46) 130 愤怒 ≤P25 73(72.28) 28(27.72) 101 >P25~<P75 113(63.84) 64(36.16) 177 4.26 >0.05 ≥P75 69(58.97) 48(41.03) 117 敌意 ≤P25 95(76.00) 30(24.00) 125 >P25~<P75 108(66.26) 55(33.74) 163 19.27 <0.01 ≥P75 52(48.60) 55(51.40) 107 表 4 "一孩"对"二孩"的接纳状况单的因素分析[n; 百分率(%)]
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以独生子女对"二孩"是否接纳为因变量,以有统计学意义的变量攻击、躯体攻击、语言攻击、愤怒和敌意为自变量,进行多因素logistic回归分析。结果显示,躯体攻击和语言攻击倾向高是独生子女对"二孩"接纳的制约因素(见表 5)。
分组 自变量 B SE Waldχ2 P OR(95%CI) 独生子女 躯体攻击 -0.105 0.038 7.708 < 0.01 0.901(0.837~0.970) 语言攻击 -0.090 0.042 4.458 < 0.05 0.914(0.841~0.994) 愤怒 -0.044 0.034 1.676 > 0.05 0.957(0.896~1.023) 敌意 -0.063 0.039 2.637 > 0.05 0.939(0.869~1.013) 常量 2.079 0.350 35.342 < 0.01 8.000 "一孩" 年龄/岁 7 0.781 0.532 2.151 > 0.05 2.183(0.769~6.197) 8 0.491 0.416 1.398 > 0.05 1.635(0.724~3.692) 9 1.259 0.414 9.241 < 0.01 3.520(1.564~7.925) 10 1.173 0.388 9.159 < 0.01 3.232(1.512~6.908) 11 1.300 0.409 10.116 < 0.01 3.669(1.647~8.176) 躯体攻击 -0.142 0.044 10.205 < 0.01 0.868(0.796~0.947) 语言攻击 -0.121 0.054 5.117 < 0.05 0.886(0.798~0.984) 愤怒 0.019 0.041 0.211 > 0.05 1.019(0.940~1.105) 敌意 -0.100 0.050 3.935 < 0.05 0.905(0.820-0.999) 常量 1.816 0.540 11.321 < 0.01 6.150 表 5 独生子女和"一孩"对"二孩"的接纳状况与攻击行为多因素分析结果
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以"一孩"对"二孩"是否接纳为因变量,以有统计学意义的变量年龄、攻击、躯体攻击、语言攻击和敌意为自变量,进行多因素logistic回归分析。结果显示,从9岁开始,年龄增长是"一孩"对"二孩"接纳的促进因素(P<0.01)。而躯体攻击、语言攻击和敌意倾向高是"一孩"对"二孩"接纳的制约因素(P<0.05~P<0.01)(见表 5)。
城市学龄期儿童攻击行为与对"二孩"接纳程度关系的研究
Study on relationship between urban school-age children's aggressive behavior and acceptance of second-born children
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摘要:
目的了解城市学龄期儿童对"二孩"的接纳情况,探索其攻击行为与对"二孩"的接纳程度的关系。 方法采取分层整群抽样方法,选取蚌埠市三所小学,抽取2~6年级共计926名小学生中的独生子女和非独生子女中排行老大(简称"一孩")作为研究对象进行问卷调查,内容为儿童基本情况、儿童12-条目攻击行为自评量表、家庭状况、接纳状况评估问卷四部分。 结果926名小学生中,独生子女531名(57.34%)、"一孩"395名(42.66%)。"一孩"对"二孩"接纳率明显高于独生子女对"二孩"的接纳率(P < 0.01)。"一孩"在躯体攻击维度的得分高于独生子女在该维度的得分(P < 0.01)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,躯体攻击和语言攻击倾向高是独生子女对"二孩"接纳的制约因素。年龄增长是"一孩"对"二孩"接纳的促进因素。而躯体攻击、语言攻击和敌意倾向高是"一孩"对"二孩"接纳的制约因素。 结论为促进儿童社会性发展,减少儿童攻击行为并改善同胞接纳情况,建议父母做好独生子女和"一孩"的心理疏导工作,采用民主平等的教育方式,学校可以尝试混龄教育模式,为儿童父母开展家长学校,促进儿童的"二孩"接纳度。 Abstract:ObjectiveTo learn the acceptance of the second-born children by urban school-age children and explore the relationship between their aggressive behavior and the acceptance of the second-born children. MethodsA stratified cluster sampling method was adopted to select three schools in Bengbu city.A total of 926 the only children and the first-born children of primary school from the second to sixth grades were selected as subjects for questionnaire survey.The content of the questionnaire included the basic situation of children, the 12-item aggression questionnaire, family status and acceptance status assessment questionnaire. ResultsThere were 531 (57.34%) the only children and 395 (42.66%) the first-born children among the 926 primary school students.The acceptance rate of the second-born children by the first-born children was significantly higher than that by the only children (P < 0.01).The score of the first-born children in the physical aggression dimension was significantly higher than that of the only children (P < 0.01).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the high tendency of physical aggression and language aggression were the limiting factors for the acceptance of the second-born children by the only children, age growth was a contributing factor for the acceptance of the second-born children by the first-born children, and the high tendency of physical aggression, language aggression and hostility were the restricting factors for the acceptance of the second-born children by the first-born children. ConclusionsIn order to promote children's social development, reduce children's aggression and improve the acceptance of compatriots, it is recommended that parents should do a good job of psychological counseling for the only children and the first-born children and adopt democratic and equal education mode, and schools can try mixed-age education models and carry out family school for parents to promote children's acceptance for the second-born children. -
Key words:
- abnormal behavior of children /
- school-age /
- aggression /
- second-born children /
- acceptance
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表 1 独生子女和"一孩"对"二孩"的接纳率比较[n; 百分率(%)]
分组 接纳 不接纳 合计 χ2 P 独生子女 295(55.56) 236(44.44) 531 "一孩" 255(64.56) 140(35.44) 395 7.61 < 0.01 合计 550(59.40) 376(40.60) 926 表 2 独生子女与"一孩"的攻击行为状况的比较[M(P25~P75)]
分组 攻击 躯体攻击 语言攻击 愤怒 敌意 独生子女 24(20~30) 4(3~7) 7(5~8) 7(5~9) 6(4~8) "一孩" 25(20~30) 5(3~7) 7(5~8) 7(4~9) 6(4~8) Z -1.393 -2.661 -0.282 -0.687 -0.576 P > 0.05 < 0.01 > 0.05 > 0.05 > 0.05 表 3 独生子女对"二孩"的接纳状况的单因素分析[n; 百分率(%)]
特征 接纳 不接纳 合计 χ2 P 性别 男 174(54.89) 143(45.11) 317 0.14 >0.05 女 121(56.54) 93(43.46) 214 年龄/岁 7 16(42.11) 22(57.89) 38 8 46(56.10) 36(43.90) 82 9 68(64.15) 38(35.85) 106 8.52 >0.05 10 89(57.79) 65(42.21) 154 11 53(52.48) 48(47.52) 101 12 23(46.00) 27(54.00) 50 攻击 ≤P25 115(69.28) 51(30.72) 166 >P25~<P75 131(57.46) 97(42.54) 228 34.72 <0.01 ≥P75 49(35.77) 88(64.23) 137 躯体 ≤P25 134(64.11) 75(35.89) 209 >P25~<P75 95(53.67) 82(46.33) 177 12.37 <0.01 ≥P75 66(45.52) 79(54.48) 145 语言 ≤P25 94(63.09) 55(36.91) 149 >P25~<P75 116(60.10) 77(39.90) 193 13.61 <0.01 ≥P75 85(44.97) 104(55.03) 189 愤怒 ≤P25 124(65.96) 64(34.04) 188 >P25~<P75 102(54.55) 85(45.45) 187 16.42 <0.01 ≥P75 69(44.23) 87(55.77) 156 敌意 ≤P25 128(67.02) 63(32.98) 191 >P25~<P75 101(52.06) 93(47.94) 194 17.45 <0.01 ≥P75 66(45.21) 80(54.79) 146 表 4 "一孩"对"二孩"的接纳状况单的因素分析[n; 百分率(%)]
特征 接纳 不接纳 合计 χ2 P 性别 男 116(64.80) 63(35.20) 179 0.01 >0.05 女 139(64.35) 77(35.65) 216 年龄/岁 7 17(65.38) 9(34.62) 26 8 34(54.84) 28(45.16) 62 9 51(68.92) 23(31.08) 74 18.59 <0.01 10 71(69.61) 31(30.39) 102 11 63(74.12) 22(25.88) 85 12 19(41.30) 27(58.70) 46 攻击 ≤P25 90(82.57) 19(17.43) 109 >P25~<P75 110(63.22) 64(36.78) 174 27.28 <0.01 ≥P75 55(49.11) 57(50.89) 112 躯体 ≤P25 102(80.95) 24(19.05) 126 >P25~<P75 84(61.31) 53(38.69) 137 24.14 <0.01 ≥P75 69(52.27) 63(47.73) 132 语言 ≤P25 84(71.79) 33(28.21) 117 >P25~<P75 104(70.27) 44(29.73) 148 14.42 <0.01 ≥P75 67(51.54) 63(48.46) 130 愤怒 ≤P25 73(72.28) 28(27.72) 101 >P25~<P75 113(63.84) 64(36.16) 177 4.26 >0.05 ≥P75 69(58.97) 48(41.03) 117 敌意 ≤P25 95(76.00) 30(24.00) 125 >P25~<P75 108(66.26) 55(33.74) 163 19.27 <0.01 ≥P75 52(48.60) 55(51.40) 107 表 5 独生子女和"一孩"对"二孩"的接纳状况与攻击行为多因素分析结果
分组 自变量 B SE Waldχ2 P OR(95%CI) 独生子女 躯体攻击 -0.105 0.038 7.708 < 0.01 0.901(0.837~0.970) 语言攻击 -0.090 0.042 4.458 < 0.05 0.914(0.841~0.994) 愤怒 -0.044 0.034 1.676 > 0.05 0.957(0.896~1.023) 敌意 -0.063 0.039 2.637 > 0.05 0.939(0.869~1.013) 常量 2.079 0.350 35.342 < 0.01 8.000 "一孩" 年龄/岁 7 0.781 0.532 2.151 > 0.05 2.183(0.769~6.197) 8 0.491 0.416 1.398 > 0.05 1.635(0.724~3.692) 9 1.259 0.414 9.241 < 0.01 3.520(1.564~7.925) 10 1.173 0.388 9.159 < 0.01 3.232(1.512~6.908) 11 1.300 0.409 10.116 < 0.01 3.669(1.647~8.176) 躯体攻击 -0.142 0.044 10.205 < 0.01 0.868(0.796~0.947) 语言攻击 -0.121 0.054 5.117 < 0.05 0.886(0.798~0.984) 愤怒 0.019 0.041 0.211 > 0.05 1.019(0.940~1.105) 敌意 -0.100 0.050 3.935 < 0.05 0.905(0.820-0.999) 常量 1.816 0.540 11.321 < 0.01 6.150 -
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