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妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)是指在妊娠期间出现或被首次发现的糖耐受不良,严重程度具有个体化差异[1]。GDM危险因素包括高龄妊娠、肥胖、多囊卵巢综合征、既往GDM病史、糖尿病家族史、死胎和巨大胎儿[2-5]。前期研究提示GDM同炎性反应间存在可能关联,表现为GDM病人外周血C反应蛋白(C reactive protein,CRP)[6]、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)[7]表达水平升高。牙周炎病人局部牙周组织炎性介质表达上调[8],因此可能成为GDM的危险因素。既往多个研究[9-12]均证实了这一观点。然而,相关研究数量依然较为局限,牙周疾病同GDM危险性之间的关联仍有待进一步阐明。鉴于GDM和牙周炎发病率中国及世界范围内均处于高位[13-15],本研究针对非吸烟妇女调查了牙周炎和GDM间存在的可能关联。为妊娠期妇女GDM防治提供理论依据。现作报道。
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GDM组和对照组在年龄、胎龄、妊娠期体质量增加、牙周状况自我评价和口腔健康行为上差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);GDM病人糖尿病家族史、孕前体质量指数均高于对照组(P < 0.01)(见表 1)。
分组 n 年龄/岁 胎龄/周 孕前体质量指数/(kg/m2) 妊娠期体质量增加/kg 糖尿病家族史[n; 百分率(%)] 牙周状况自我评估[n; 百分率(%)] 刷牙出血[n; 百分率(%)] 每日至少刷牙2次[n; 百分率(%)] 使用牙线[n; 百分率(%)] GDM组 250 30.1±7.1 18.9±5.7 30.6±3.8 5.0±5.6 153(61.2) 11(4.4) 81(32.4) 192(76.8) 34(13.6) 对照组 250 32.2±8.0 20.2±6.5 22.4±4.2 4.3±3.2 53(21.2) 6(2.4) 85(34) 225(90.0) 42(16.8) t — 1.63 0.55 11.72 0.74 82.56* 1.24* 0.32* 2.07* 0.38* P — >0.05 >0.05 < 0.01 >0.05 < 0.01 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 *示χ2值 表 1 2组一般资料比较(x±s)
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GDM组PD、CAL、探诊出血位点百分数(%bleeding on probe,%BOP)和患牙周炎率均高于对照组(P < 0.05~P < 0.01)(见表 2)。
分组 n PD/mm CAL/mm %BOP/% 牙周炎 GDM组 250 2.6±0.7 1.3±1.2 74.9±40.2 113(45.2) 对照组 250 1.7±0.5 1.0±0.8 66.2±41.6 65(26.0) t — 2.39 3.29 2.651 6.56* P — < 0.05 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 *示χ2值 表 2 2组牙周检查情况比较(x±s)
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以GDM为因变量(是=1,否=0),以是否患有牙周炎(是=1,否=0)、糖尿病家族史(是=1,否=0)、孕前体质量指数为自变量行logistic回归分析。结果提示,患有牙周炎和糖尿病家族史均为GDM的危险因素(P < 0.01)(见表 3)。
变量 B SE Waldχ2 P OR(95%CI) 牙周炎 1.275 0.295 18.68 < 0.01 2.807(1.335~13.905) 糖尿病家族史 1.512 0.472 10.25 < 0.01 5.264(2.028~19.721) 孕前体质量指数 0.378 0.190 3.97 >0.05 1.063(0.992~1.539) 表 3 GDM多因素条件logistic回归分析
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GDM组CRP表达水平高于对照组(P < 0.01);TNF-α和IL-6表达水平2组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
分组 n CRP/(mg/L) TNF-α/(pg/mL) IL-6/(pg/mL) GDM组 250 4.9±4.1 21.8±44.9 395.2±402.3 对照组 250 2.9±2.6 86.6±195.0 386.0±827.4 t — 5.21 1.96 0.07 P — < 0.01 >0.05 >0.05 表 4 2组血清CRP、TNF-α和IL-6表达水平的比较(x±s)
非吸烟妇女牙周炎和妊娠期糖尿病关系研究
Study on the relationship between periodontitis and gestational diabetes mellitus in nonsmoking women
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摘要:
目的对非吸烟妇女牙周炎和妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)的关系进行调查,为妊娠期妇女GDM防治提供参考。 方法对纳入GDM妇女(GDM组)和正常对照妊娠期妇女(对照组)各250例进行全口牙周检查。牙周炎定义为口内≥1个位点存在≥5 mm探诊深度(PD)且同一位点牙周临床附着丧失(CAL)≥2 mm。采集纳入样本外周血检测C反应蛋白(CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白介素-6(IL-6)表达水平。利用条件logistic回归检验对结果进行分析。 结果GDM组糖尿病家族史、孕前体质量指数高于对照组(P < 0.01)。GDM组PD、CAL、探诊出血位点百分数和患牙周炎率均高于对照组(P < 0.05~P < 0.01)。患有牙周炎和糖尿病家族史均为GDM的危险因素(P < 0.01)。GDM组CRP表达水平高于对照组(P < 0.01)。 结论牙周炎与GDM具有相关性。临床医生需对妊娠期妇女牙周状况给予关注。 Abstract:ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between periodontitis and gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) in nonsmoking women for providing theoretic basis in treating and preventing this disease. MethodsThe total periodontal examination was performed on 250 GDM women(GDM group) and 250 normal pregnant women(control group).The periodontitis was defined as the presence of ≥5 mm probing depth(PD) at ≥1 site in the mouth and loss of clinical periodontal attachment(CAL) at the same site ≥2 mm.The expression levels of C reactive protein(CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-6(IL-6) in two groups were measured in peripheral blood, and the conditional logistic regression test was used to analyze the results. ResultsThe family history of diabetes and prepregnancy body mass index in GDM group were higher than those in control group(P < 0.01).The percentage of PD, CAL, exploratory bleeding site and rate of periodontitis in GDM group were higher than those in control group(P < 0.05 to P < 0.01).The periodontitis and family history of diabetes were the risk factors of GDM(P < 0.01).The CRP expression level in GDM group was higher than that in control group(P < 0.01). ConclusionsThe periodontitis is associated with GDM.The clinicians should pay attention to the periodontal status of pregnant women. -
Key words:
- periodontitis /
- inflammatory factor /
- case-control /
- gestational diabetes mellitus
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表 1 2组一般资料比较(x±s)
分组 n 年龄/岁 胎龄/周 孕前体质量指数/(kg/m2) 妊娠期体质量增加/kg 糖尿病家族史[n; 百分率(%)] 牙周状况自我评估[n; 百分率(%)] 刷牙出血[n; 百分率(%)] 每日至少刷牙2次[n; 百分率(%)] 使用牙线[n; 百分率(%)] GDM组 250 30.1±7.1 18.9±5.7 30.6±3.8 5.0±5.6 153(61.2) 11(4.4) 81(32.4) 192(76.8) 34(13.6) 对照组 250 32.2±8.0 20.2±6.5 22.4±4.2 4.3±3.2 53(21.2) 6(2.4) 85(34) 225(90.0) 42(16.8) t — 1.63 0.55 11.72 0.74 82.56* 1.24* 0.32* 2.07* 0.38* P — >0.05 >0.05 < 0.01 >0.05 < 0.01 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 *示χ2值 表 2 2组牙周检查情况比较(x±s)
分组 n PD/mm CAL/mm %BOP/% 牙周炎 GDM组 250 2.6±0.7 1.3±1.2 74.9±40.2 113(45.2) 对照组 250 1.7±0.5 1.0±0.8 66.2±41.6 65(26.0) t — 2.39 3.29 2.651 6.56* P — < 0.05 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 *示χ2值 表 3 GDM多因素条件logistic回归分析
变量 B SE Waldχ2 P OR(95%CI) 牙周炎 1.275 0.295 18.68 < 0.01 2.807(1.335~13.905) 糖尿病家族史 1.512 0.472 10.25 < 0.01 5.264(2.028~19.721) 孕前体质量指数 0.378 0.190 3.97 >0.05 1.063(0.992~1.539) 表 4 2组血清CRP、TNF-α和IL-6表达水平的比较(x±s)
分组 n CRP/(mg/L) TNF-α/(pg/mL) IL-6/(pg/mL) GDM组 250 4.9±4.1 21.8±44.9 395.2±402.3 对照组 250 2.9±2.6 86.6±195.0 386.0±827.4 t — 5.21 1.96 0.07 P — < 0.01 >0.05 >0.05 -
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