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脑微出血(cerebral microbleeds, CMBs)和腔隙性脑梗死、脑白质疏松、脑萎缩及扩大的血管周围腔隙共同称为脑小血管疾病(cerebral small vessel disease, CSVD)。CMBs是脑内微小血管病变导致血管壁破坏,以微小出血所致的以含铁血黄素沉积为主要特征的一种脑实质亚临床损害。过去认为CMBs一般不引起临床症状[1],容易被忽视。随着影像学的发展,发现CMBs在脑卒中病人及健康老年人中普遍存在,且CMBs随着年龄增长发病率有上升趋势[2],老年病人中出现的一些临床症状和体征,如认知、情感、睡眠、步态等障碍均与CMBs有关[2-3],甚至导致症状性脑卒中,进而加重病情,CMBs是全身微小血管损伤的标志[4],也是急性缺血性脑卒中溶栓及抗栓治疗伴出血转化的危险因素[5]。CMBs与脑卒中密切相关,伴有CMBs的脑卒中病人在使用抗血小板药物、抗凝药物时出血转化的风险增高,并对认知功能产生损害[6-7]。现有研究表明CMBs对脑实质的损害不再是亚临床损害,而与多种疾病有关,其中对CMBs危险因素及认知功能的临床研究尚不深入,因此深入探讨CMBs的危险因素及CMBs对认知功能的影响很有必要。
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2组相关指标单因素分析得出CMBs组病人年龄、高血压率、抗血小板药物史、脑白质疏松率、卒中史均高于非CMBs组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05~P < 0.01)(见表 1)。
分组 n 年龄(x±s)/岁 高血压 糖尿病 冠心病 吸烟 饮酒 三酰甘油M(P25, P75)/(mmol/L) CMBs组 29 70.38±8.79 26 15 11 8 14 1.45(1.12, 2.52) N-CMBs组 41 65.83±9.02 23 16 19 20 15 1.67(1.26, 2.11) χ2 — 2.10* 9.11 1.11 0.49 3.18 0.96 0.11# P — < 0.05 < 0.01 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 分组 n 总胆固醇(x±s)/ (mmol/L) 高密度脂蛋白M(P25, P75)/(mmol/L) 低密度脂蛋白(x±s)/ (mmol/L) HcyM(P25, P75)/ (μmmol/L) 抗血小板药物史 脑白质疏松 卒中史 CMBs组 29 4.04±1.47 1.39(1.09, 2.11) 2.73±0.94 16.00(10.00, 23.50) 20 15 23 N-CMBs组 41 4.23±1.34 1.49(1.17, 1.98) 2.83±1.12 14.00(10.50, 20.00) 17 11 21 χ2 — 0.57* 0.19# 0.40* 0.78# 5.16 4.51 5.74 P — >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 *示t值;#示zc值 表 1 2组一般资料的比较
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以是否发生微出血为因变量,对单因素分析有统计学意义的指标进行二元logistic回归分析,logistic回归分析赋值表见表 2,结果显示,年龄是发生CMBs的独立危险因素[OR(95%CI): 1.068(1.003~1.137)(见表 3)。
指标 赋值 因变量 微出血 是否发生微出血 1=是,0=否 年龄 年龄 / 高血压 是否有高血压 1=是,0=否 自变量 卒中史 是否有卒中史 1=是,0=否 抗血小板史 是否有抗血小板史 1=是,0=否 脑白质疏松 是否有脑白质疏松 1=是,0=否 表 2 logistic回归分析赋值表
相关因素 B′ Waldχ2 P OR(95%CI) 年龄 0.660 4.27 < 0.05 1.068(1.003~1.137) 高血压 2.116 3.24 >0.05 8.295(0.828~83.100) 卒中史 -0.344 0.11 >0.05 0.709(0.094~5.367) 抗血小板药物史 0.820 1.38 >0.05 2.278(0.577~8.988) 脑白质疏松 0.584 0.70 >0.05 1.793(0.458~7.010) 表 3 CMBs病人影响因素的logistic回归分析
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MoCA < 26分者16例(伴CMBs 13例);MMSE < 27分的15例(伴CMBs 12例)。2组MoCA和MMSE不及格率CMBs组均高于N-CMBs组、MoCA和MMSE得分CMBs组均低于N-CMBs组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01)(见表 4)。
分组 MMSE < 27分 MoCA < 26分 MMSE得分M(P25, P75)/分 MoCA得分M(P25, P75)/分 CMBs组 12 13 20.00(19.25, 21.00) 20.00(19.50, 21.00) N-CMBs组 3 3 25.00±1.00 25.00±1.00 χ2 11.71 13.56 2.63* 2.69* P < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 *示zc值 表 4 CMBs组与N-CMBs组中相关参数的比较
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按CMBS数目把脑微出血分为轻度15例、中度11例、重度3例;按部位分为幕下6例、脑叶3例、深部20例。在CMBs组内,对认知功能(MoCA、MMSE分数)与CMBs的程度进行Spearman相关性分析,结果表明CMBs的严重程度与MoCA分数(rs=-0.889,P < 0.05)和MMSE分数(rs=-0.726,P < 0.05)均呈负相关,说明CMBs数目越多,认知障碍下降越明显。
缺血性脑卒中脑微出血的危险因素及其与认知功能的相关性研究
Risk factors of cerebral microbleeds in ischemic stroke and the correlation between cerebral microbleeds and cognitive function
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摘要:
目的探讨缺血性脑卒中脑微出血(cerebral microbleeds,CMBs)的危险因素及CMBs与认知功能的相关性。 方法收集缺血性脑卒中病人70例,根据脑磁敏感成像(SWI)分为脑微出血组(CMBs组)29例和非脑微出血组(N-CMBs组)41例,收集2组资料,分析CMBs的危险因素,同时用MoCA和MMSE量表对2组进行认知功能评估,分析CMBs与认知功能的相关性。 结果年龄、高血压、抗血小板药物史、脑白质疏松、卒中史均是CMBs的危险因素(P < 0.05~P < 0.01);CMBs组与N-CMBs组之间MoCA、MMSE评分及认知障碍病例数差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01);对认知功能与CMBs的程度进行Spearman相关性分析:MoCA评分与CMBs分级呈负相关关系(rs=-0.889,P < 0.05);MMSE评分与CMBs分级呈负相关关系(rs=-0.726,P < 0.05)。 结论CMBs可以导致认知功能下降,CMBs数目越多认知损害越重;年龄、高血压、抗血小板药物史、脑白质疏松、卒中史是CMBs的危险因素,其中年龄是CMBs的独立危险因素。 Abstract:ObjectiveTo explore the risk factors of cerebral microbleeds(CMBs) and the correlation between CMBs and cognitive function in patients with ischemic stroke. MethodsThe data of 70 patients with ischemic stroke were collected. According to SWI, they were divided into cerebral microbleeds group(CMBs group, n=29) and non-cerebral microbleeds group(N-CMBs group, n=41). The data of the two groups were collected and the risk factors of CMBs were analyzed. MoCA and MMSE scale were used to evaluate the cognitive function of the two groups, and the correlation between CMBs and cognitive function was analyzed. ResultsAge, hypertension, history of antiplatelet drugs, leukoaraiosis and history of stroke were the risk factors for CMBs(P < 0.05 to P < 0.01). There were significant differences in the scores in MoCA, MMSE and the number of cases of cognitive impairment between CMBs group and N-CMBs group(P < 0.01). Spearman correlation analysis was carried out between cognitive function and the degree of CMBs, the results showed that MoCA score was negtively correlated with CMBs degree(rs=-0.889, P < 0.05). MMSE score was negtively correlated, and with CMBs degree(rs=-0.726, P < 0.05). ConclusionsCMBs can lead to the decline of cognitive function, and more numbers of CMBs can induce the more severe cognitive impairment. Age, hypertension, history of antiplatelet drugs, leukoaraiosis and history of stroke are the risk factors of CMBs, and age is the independent risk factor of CMBs. -
Key words:
- ischemic stroke /
- cerebral microbleeds /
- leukoaraiosis /
- cognitive function
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表 1 2组一般资料的比较
分组 n 年龄(x±s)/岁 高血压 糖尿病 冠心病 吸烟 饮酒 三酰甘油M(P25, P75)/(mmol/L) CMBs组 29 70.38±8.79 26 15 11 8 14 1.45(1.12, 2.52) N-CMBs组 41 65.83±9.02 23 16 19 20 15 1.67(1.26, 2.11) χ2 — 2.10* 9.11 1.11 0.49 3.18 0.96 0.11# P — < 0.05 < 0.01 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 分组 n 总胆固醇(x±s)/ (mmol/L) 高密度脂蛋白M(P25, P75)/(mmol/L) 低密度脂蛋白(x±s)/ (mmol/L) HcyM(P25, P75)/ (μmmol/L) 抗血小板药物史 脑白质疏松 卒中史 CMBs组 29 4.04±1.47 1.39(1.09, 2.11) 2.73±0.94 16.00(10.00, 23.50) 20 15 23 N-CMBs组 41 4.23±1.34 1.49(1.17, 1.98) 2.83±1.12 14.00(10.50, 20.00) 17 11 21 χ2 — 0.57* 0.19# 0.40* 0.78# 5.16 4.51 5.74 P — >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 *示t值;#示zc值 表 2 logistic回归分析赋值表
指标 赋值 因变量 微出血 是否发生微出血 1=是,0=否 年龄 年龄 / 高血压 是否有高血压 1=是,0=否 自变量 卒中史 是否有卒中史 1=是,0=否 抗血小板史 是否有抗血小板史 1=是,0=否 脑白质疏松 是否有脑白质疏松 1=是,0=否 表 3 CMBs病人影响因素的logistic回归分析
相关因素 B′ Waldχ2 P OR(95%CI) 年龄 0.660 4.27 < 0.05 1.068(1.003~1.137) 高血压 2.116 3.24 >0.05 8.295(0.828~83.100) 卒中史 -0.344 0.11 >0.05 0.709(0.094~5.367) 抗血小板药物史 0.820 1.38 >0.05 2.278(0.577~8.988) 脑白质疏松 0.584 0.70 >0.05 1.793(0.458~7.010) 表 4 CMBs组与N-CMBs组中相关参数的比较
分组 MMSE < 27分 MoCA < 26分 MMSE得分M(P25, P75)/分 MoCA得分M(P25, P75)/分 CMBs组 12 13 20.00(19.25, 21.00) 20.00(19.50, 21.00) N-CMBs组 3 3 25.00±1.00 25.00±1.00 χ2 11.71 13.56 2.63* 2.69* P < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 *示zc值 -
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