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自体动静脉内瘘(autogenous arteriovenous fistula,AVF)为维持性血液透析病人的首选通路[1]。随着生活方式和饮食结构的改变,高血压、糖尿病、动脉粥样硬化等慢性疾病逐渐增多,以及人口老龄化,病人自身血管条件差,无法满足建立AVF的需要,人工血管动静脉内瘘(arteriovenous graft,AVG)即成为首选通路[2]。各种原因引起的术后狭窄和闭塞,是AVG远期通畅率不高的主要原因[3],解除内瘘狭窄,是保持血管通路畅通的关键。关于动静脉内瘘通畅率的影响因素,国内外已有相关报道[4-5]。本研究主要探讨以AVG为透析通路的病人内瘘出现狭窄,行超声引导下经皮腔内血管成形术(percutaneous transluminal angioplasty,PTA)治疗的效果,进一步探讨影响术后通畅率的危险因素,现作报道。
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36例病人手术均成功,技术成功率为100%,未出现出血、感染、血管破裂、假性动脉瘤形成等并发症;结果显示,术后病人狭窄处内径较术前增大,透析血流量增加,肱动脉血流量增加,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.01),治疗有效(见表 1)。
时间 n 狭窄处内径/mm 透析血流量/
(mL/min)肱动脉血流量/
(mL/min)术前 36 1.58±0.35 144.13±19.12 352.30±42.01 术后 36 3.71±0.62 275.75±14.29 616.83±45.92 t — 16.61 35.76 28.26 P — < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 表 1 PTA手术前后测量指标比较(x±s)
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术后随访病人3、6、9、12个月,初级和次级通畅率分别为80.6%、66.7%、47.2%、38.9%和88.9%、75.0%、69.4%、58.3%,各随访时间初级通畅率和次级通畅率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 2、图 1)。
通畅率 术后3个月 术后6个月 术后9个月 术后12个月 初级通畅率 29(80.6) 24(66.7) 17(47.2) 14(38.9) 次级通畅率 32(88.9) 27(75.0) 25(69.4) 21(58.3) χ2 0.97 0.61 3.66 2.72 P >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 表 2 病人PTA术后通畅率情况[n; 百分率(%)]
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单因素分析发现,病人术后1年通畅组的年龄低于非通畅组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01),慢性肾小球肾炎、高血压、糖尿病等原发病以及性别、透析时间、静脉吻合口等方面2组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 3)。
影响因素 通畅组
(n=14)非通畅组
(n=22)t P 年龄(x±s)/岁 42.71±6.90 58.09±8.34 5.75 < 0.01 性别 男 8(57.14) 12(54.55) — >0.05* 女 6(42.86) 10(45.45) 慢性肾小球肾炎 是 6(42.86) 12(54.55) — >0.05* 否 8(57.14) 10(45.45) 高血压 是 2(14.29) 1(4.55) — >0.05* 否 12(85.71) 21(95.45) 糖尿病 是 3(21.43) 6(27.27) — >0.05* 否 11(78.57) 16(72.73) 静脉吻合口 贵要静脉 10(71.43) 19(86.36) — >0.05* 头静脉 4(28.57) 3(13.64) 透析时间(x±s)/月 14.00±8.87 16.91±7.74 1.04 >0.05 *示Fisher′s确切概率法P值 表 3 病人术后1年初级通畅率的影响因素分析[n;百分率(%)]
超声引导下经皮腔内血管成形术治疗人工血管动静脉内瘘狭窄:单中心36例病人通畅率分析
Ultrasound-guided percutaneous endovascular angioplasty in the treatment of arteriovenous graft stenosis: analysis of patency rate in 36 patients at a single center
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摘要:
目的探讨超声引导下经皮腔内血管成形术(percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, PTA)治疗人工血管动静脉内瘘(arteriovenous graft, AVG)狭窄的有效性和可行性, 分析PTA术后通畅率的影响因素。 方法回顾性分析36例维持性血液透析病人AVG发生狭窄采用PTA治疗前后内瘘狭窄处内径、透析血流量, 肱动脉血流量变化, 评估治疗效果。术后每3个月定期复查通畅情况。 结果36例病人手术均成功, 术前36例病人狭窄处内径(1.58±0.35) mm, 透析血流量(144.13±19.12) mL/min, 肱动脉血流量(352.30±42.01) mL/min; PTA术后狭窄处内径(3.71±0.62) mm, 透析血流量(275.75±14.29) mL/min, 肱动脉血流量(616.83±45.92) mL/min, 差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.01), 治疗有效。术后随访3、6、9、12个月, 初级和次级通畅率分别为80.6%、66.7%、47.2%、38.9%和88.9%、75.0%、69.4%、58.3%。各随访时间初级通畅率和次级通畅率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。病人术后1年通畅组的年龄低于非通畅组, 差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。 结论超声引导下PTA是治疗人AVG狭窄的有效方法, 且年龄越大, 术后通畅率越低。 Abstract:ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness and feasibility of ultrasound-guided percutaneous transluminal angioplasty(PTA)in the treatment of arteriovenous graft(AVG)stenosis, and analyze the influencing factors of patency rate after PTA. MethodsThe inner diameter of stenosis, hemodialysis blood flow, brachial artery blood flow changes in 36 maintenance hemodialysis patients with AVG stenosis before and after PTA were retrospectively analyzed, and the therapeutic effects were evaluated.The patency rate was detected every 3 months after surgery. ResultsAll 36 patients were successfully operated.Before the treatment of PTA, the diameter of stenosis, AVG blood flow and brachial artery blood flow were(1.58±0.35)mm, (144.13±19.12)mL/min and(352.30±42.01)mL/min, respectively.After the treatment of PTA, the diameter of stenosis, AVG blood flow and brachial artery blood flow were(3.71±0.62)mm, (275.75±14.29)mL/min and(616.83±45.92)mL/min, respectively.The differences of the diameter of stenosis, AVG blood flow and brachial artery blood flow between before and after treatment were statistically significant(P < 0.01), and which indicated that the treatment was effective.The patients were followed up for 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, and the primary patency and secondary patency rates were 80.6%, 66.7%, 47.2% and 38.9%, and 88.9%, 75.0%, 69.4% and 58.3% at each time-point, respectively.There was no statistical significance at each follow-up time between primary patency rate and secondary patency rate(P>0.05).The age of patients with postoperative 1 year patency was lower than that of patients with postoperative 1 year non-patency(P < 0.01). ConclusionsThe PTA guided by ultrasound is an effective method in the treatment of AVG stenosis, and the older the patient is, the lower the postoperative patency rate is. -
表 1 PTA手术前后测量指标比较(x±s)
时间 n 狭窄处内径/mm 透析血流量/
(mL/min)肱动脉血流量/
(mL/min)术前 36 1.58±0.35 144.13±19.12 352.30±42.01 术后 36 3.71±0.62 275.75±14.29 616.83±45.92 t — 16.61 35.76 28.26 P — < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 表 2 病人PTA术后通畅率情况[n; 百分率(%)]
通畅率 术后3个月 术后6个月 术后9个月 术后12个月 初级通畅率 29(80.6) 24(66.7) 17(47.2) 14(38.9) 次级通畅率 32(88.9) 27(75.0) 25(69.4) 21(58.3) χ2 0.97 0.61 3.66 2.72 P >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 表 3 病人术后1年初级通畅率的影响因素分析[n;百分率(%)]
影响因素 通畅组
(n=14)非通畅组
(n=22)t P 年龄(x±s)/岁 42.71±6.90 58.09±8.34 5.75 < 0.01 性别 男 8(57.14) 12(54.55) — >0.05* 女 6(42.86) 10(45.45) 慢性肾小球肾炎 是 6(42.86) 12(54.55) — >0.05* 否 8(57.14) 10(45.45) 高血压 是 2(14.29) 1(4.55) — >0.05* 否 12(85.71) 21(95.45) 糖尿病 是 3(21.43) 6(27.27) — >0.05* 否 11(78.57) 16(72.73) 静脉吻合口 贵要静脉 10(71.43) 19(86.36) — >0.05* 头静脉 4(28.57) 3(13.64) 透析时间(x±s)/月 14.00±8.87 16.91±7.74 1.04 >0.05 *示Fisher′s确切概率法P值 -
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