• 中国科技论文统计源期刊
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Volume 44 Issue 5
May  2019
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Clinical comparison of two fracture reduction methods in the treatment of Schatzker type Ⅱ tibial plateay fractures

  • Received Date: 2018-02-12
    Accepted Date: 2018-11-19
  • ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy between direct vision of the split bone block of the lateral condyle of the tibial plateau and tibial proximal feneway crowbar combined with MIPPO bone plate in the treatment of Schatzker type Ⅱ tibial plateau fractures.MethodsTwenty-five patients with Schatzker type Ⅱ tibial plateau fractures were divided into the group A(13 cases) and group B(12 cases).The tibial plateau collapse in group A was reduced by direct vision of the split bone block of the lateral condyle of the tibial plateau, the group B was reduced by slotting tibial plateau and prying top bar, and two groups were additionally treated with MIPPO technique for anatomical plate internal fixation.ResultsThere was no statistical significance in operative time and bleeding loss between two groups(P>0.05), and the length of incision in B group was significantly shorter than that in A group(P < 0.01).The starting time of knee joint exercise and bearing weight time in B group were significantly less than those in A group(P < 0.01), and there was no statistical significance in healing time of fracture between two groups(P>0.05).The differences of the varus angle and caster angle of tibial plateau between to groups at the end of operation, and postoperative 3, 6 and 12 months were not statistically significant(P>0.05).The excellent and good recovery rate of knee joint after operation in group A and group B were 84.61% and 90.67%, respectively, and the difference of which between two groups was not statistically significant(P>0.05).The difference of the HSS score of knee joint and incidence rate of complications between two groups was not statistically significant(P>0.05).ConclusionsBoth kinds of articular surface of tibial plateau reset method can effectively restore the tibial plateau joint surface.The reduction of open window in proximal tibia is more minimally invasive, which can improve the recovery of patients.
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  • [1] ELSOE R, LARSEN P, NIELSEN NP, et al.Population-based epide-miology of tibial plateau fractures[J]. Orthopedics, 2015, 38(9):780. doi: 10.3928/01477447-20150902-55
    [2] LUO CF, SUN H, ZHANG B, et al.Three-column fixation for complex tibial plateau fractures[J]. J Orthop Trauma, 2010, 24(11):683. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0b013e3181d436f3
    [3] HE X, YE P, HU Y, et al.A posterior inverted L-shaped approach for the treatment of posterior bicondylar tibial plateau fractures[J]. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 2013, 133(1):23. doi: 10.1007/s00402-012-1632-2
    [4] CHANG SM, WANG X, ZHOU JQ, et al.Posterior coronal plating of bicondylar tibial plateau fractures through posteromedial and anterolateral approaches in a healthy floating supine position[J]. Orthopedics, 2012, 35(7):583. doi: 10.3928/01477447-20120621-03
    [5] 陈达根, 郝鹏, 李步云, 等.联合入路治疗累及后柱的胫骨平台骨折[J].临床骨科杂志, 2014, 17(2):164. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0287.2014.02.019
    [6] SUN H, ZHAI QL, XU YF, et al.Combined approaches for fixation of Schatzker type Ⅱ tibial plateau fractures involving the posterolateral column:a prospective observational cohort study[J]. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 2015, 135(2):209. doi: 10.1007/s00402-014-2131-4
    [7] 吕厚山.膝关节外科学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社, 2006:1193.
    [8] SCHATZKER J, MCBROOM R, BRUCE D.The tibial plateau fracture.The Toronto experience 1968~1975[J]. Clin Onhop Relat Res, 1979(138):94.
    [9] 罗从风, 胡承方, 高洪, 等.基于cT的胫骨平台骨折的三柱分型[J].中华创伤骨科杂志, 2009, 11(3):201. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-7600.2009.03.001
    [10] 朱奕, 罗从风, 杨光, 等.胫骨平台骨折三柱分型的可信度评价[J].中华骨科杂志, 2012, 32(3):254. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2352.2012.03.012
    [11] 刘璠.胫骨平台骨折治疗相关问题与思考[J].中华骨科杂志, 2016, 36(18):1149. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2352.2016.18.001
    [12] 李颖智, 吴方强, 金海鸿, 等.解剖钢板结合植骨内固定治疗Schatzker Ⅱ、Ⅲ型胫骨平台骨折[J].中华创伤骨科杂志, 2009, 11(9):891. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-7600.2009.09.024
    [13] 鲁健, 任栋, 王鹏程, 等.Schatzker Ⅱ型胫骨平台骨折2种内固定方法的生物力学对比研究[J].河北医科大学学报, 2015, 36(10):1149. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2015.10.010
    [14] 谢水安, 庄泽, 徐如彬, 等.膝关节镜下MIPPO技术治疗胫骨平台Schatzker Ⅱ~Ⅴ型骨折的临床疗效[J].临床骨科杂志, 2017, 20(2):202.
    [15] 曹思维, 何涛.前外侧切口竹筏螺钉技术治疗Schatzker Ⅱ、Ⅲ型胫骨平台骨折[J].航空航天医学杂志, 2017, 28(8):976. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1434.2017.08.036
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Clinical comparison of two fracture reduction methods in the treatment of Schatzker type Ⅱ tibial plateay fractures

  • Department of Traumatology, Xinhua Hospital of Huainan Xinhua Group, Huainan Anhui 232052, China

Abstract: ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy between direct vision of the split bone block of the lateral condyle of the tibial plateau and tibial proximal feneway crowbar combined with MIPPO bone plate in the treatment of Schatzker type Ⅱ tibial plateau fractures.MethodsTwenty-five patients with Schatzker type Ⅱ tibial plateau fractures were divided into the group A(13 cases) and group B(12 cases).The tibial plateau collapse in group A was reduced by direct vision of the split bone block of the lateral condyle of the tibial plateau, the group B was reduced by slotting tibial plateau and prying top bar, and two groups were additionally treated with MIPPO technique for anatomical plate internal fixation.ResultsThere was no statistical significance in operative time and bleeding loss between two groups(P>0.05), and the length of incision in B group was significantly shorter than that in A group(P < 0.01).The starting time of knee joint exercise and bearing weight time in B group were significantly less than those in A group(P < 0.01), and there was no statistical significance in healing time of fracture between two groups(P>0.05).The differences of the varus angle and caster angle of tibial plateau between to groups at the end of operation, and postoperative 3, 6 and 12 months were not statistically significant(P>0.05).The excellent and good recovery rate of knee joint after operation in group A and group B were 84.61% and 90.67%, respectively, and the difference of which between two groups was not statistically significant(P>0.05).The difference of the HSS score of knee joint and incidence rate of complications between two groups was not statistically significant(P>0.05).ConclusionsBoth kinds of articular surface of tibial plateau reset method can effectively restore the tibial plateau joint surface.The reduction of open window in proximal tibia is more minimally invasive, which can improve the recovery of patients.

  • 胫骨平台骨折是创伤骨科常见的膝关节内骨折,随着我国工业化的发展与公共交通的进步, 胫骨平台骨折发病率逐渐增加。作为常见的累及下肢负重关节的关节内骨折,胫骨平台骨折如治疗不当易导致膝关节疼痛、不稳及功能障碍[1]。其中,对于Schatzker Ⅱ型胫骨平台骨折的治疗,目前首选通过手术方式重建胫骨平台高度及宽度,恢复塌陷关节面,纠正下肢力线并稳定固定,以获得一个稳定、无痛、功能良好的膝关节。临床有多种针对塌陷胫骨平台关节面的复位方式,我院自2014年1月至2018年1月对25例Schatzker Ⅱ型胫骨平台骨折病人分别采用两种不同复位方式行手术治疗,比较分析其临床疗效。现作报道。

1.   资料与方法
  • 选取Schatzker Ⅱ型胫骨平台骨折病人25例,随机分为A组13例和B组12例。A组男9例,女4例;年龄30~65岁;均为单侧骨折,其中左侧8例,右侧5例;闭合性12例,开放性1例(Gustilo Ⅰ型);致伤原因:交通伤7例,高处坠落伤5例,直接暴力伤1例。B组男8例,女4例;年龄25~67岁;双侧骨折1例,单侧骨折11例,其中左侧9例,右侧4例;闭合性11例,开放性1例(Gustilo Ⅱ型);致伤原因:交通伤8例,高处坠落伤4例。所有病人均行X线、CT及MRI检查。4例合并前交叉韧带损伤,分别行切开复位内固定术,A组采用经胫骨平台外侧髁劈裂骨块翻开直视下复位胫骨平台塌陷,B组采用经胫骨近端开槽及顶棒撬顶复位,2组病人均用MIPPO技术解剖钢板内固定。2组性别、年龄、部位和致伤原因等一般资料均具有可比性。本研究经医院伦理委员会审核通过,病人均知情同意。

  • 2例开放性骨折病人,彻底清创跨关节外架或跟骨牵引维持后行二期关节重建。闭合性骨折若手术区域存在挫伤、肿胀和水疱,待肿胀消退、水疱干燥后进行手术。2组均于伤后7~14 d内进行手术。手术在连续硬膜外麻醉下进行,常规于大腿根部上气囊止血带。

    A组病人取膝关节前外侧切口,略呈“S”形弧线向胫骨嵴逐层切开,骨膜下剥离胫骨前肌到关节面水平,沿切口方向打开关节囊,切记不可损伤半月板,屈膝内翻膝关节,显露外侧平台(半月板通常已经不附着于平台,仍附着时切断半月板胫骨韧带,抬起半月板显露)。以劈裂骨块远端骨折线及内侧平台最外部分作为复位标准,将外侧劈裂骨折块翻向外侧,暴露压缩骨折部分,直视下用小骨膜剥离器抬起压缩骨折,先用克氏针临时固定,根据复位后骨缺损情况选择适当大小髂骨植骨支撑,外侧辅以胫骨近段“竹筏”钢板固定,其中一例病人累及后外侧柱且移位明显,再附加后内侧倒“L”型切口[2-6]。在肌肉充分松弛的情况下, 将腓肠肌内侧头向外侧牵开, 沿腘肌下钝性分离, 即可显露后外侧柱的骨折, 对移位的骨折复位后进行支持固定。

    B组病人在胫骨近端干骺端下方取小切口,在胫骨近端开骨窗,在C臂机监控透视下将钉棒斜向关节面方向顶压复位塌陷关节面,从骨窗中植入自体髂骨混合人工骨至塌陷处软骨下,再用点式复位钳钳夹固定平台内外侧髁部将外侧髁复位,用数枚直径1.0 mm克氏针临时固定,再取胫骨近端外侧弧形小切口,不切开关节囊,利用MIPPO技术植入“竹筏”钢板固定。

  • 术后长腿卡盘式支具外固定,抬高患肢,应用脱水消肿药物,切口采用负压吸引,引流液少于10 mL时拔出。单纯骨折不合并韧带损伤的,待术后5~7 d软组织肿胀消退后,利用CPM进行膝关节被动屈伸锻炼,术后4周内膝关节屈曲达90°;合并韧带撕裂病人术后支具固定4周开始膝关节功能康复训练,术后每6~8周复查膝关节正侧位X线片。

  • 比较2组病人的术中出血量、手术时间、切口长度,膝关节开始锻炼时间及下地负重时间、骨折愈合时间,术后即刻和术后3、6、12个月的胫骨平台内翻角(TPA)及胫骨平台后倾角(PA)度数,膝关节恢复优良率、膝关节HHS评分和并发症发生率。

  • 采用t检验、方差分析和χ2检验及Fisher′s确切概率法。

2.   结果
  • 2组病人术中出血量和手术时间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),B组切口长度明显小于A组(P < 0.01)(见表 1)。

    分组 n 手术时间/min 出血量/mL 切口长度/cm
    A组 13 60.12±10.65 150.32±30.44 10.25±3.06
    B组 12 65.38±12.32 135.42±21.66 5.35±2.35
    t 1.14 1.40 4.46
    P >0.05 >0.05 < 0.01
  • B组膝关节开始锻炼时间和下地负重时间均明显少于A组(P < 0.01),2组骨折愈合时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 2)。2组病人术后即刻和术后3、6、12个月的TPA和PA差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 3)。

    分组 n 膝关节锻炼时间/d 愈合时间/周 负重时间/周
    A组 13 14.33±1.25 17.31±3.52 14.24±2.67
    B组 12 5.27±2.35 15.32±2.87 9.38±3.45
    t 11.89 1.54 3.96
    P < 0.01 >0.05 < 0.01
    分组 n 术后7 d内 术后3个月 术后6个月 F P MS组内
    TPA/(°)
      A组 13 4.88±2.52 5.03±1.96 5.07±2.02 0.03 >0.05 4.758
      B组 12 4.76±1.66 4.93±2.34 4.98±3.16 0.03 >0.05 6.072
      t 0.14 0.12 0.09
      P >0.05 >0.05 >0.05
    PA/(°)
      A组 13 9.06±2.44 9.38±1.09 9.25±1.25 0.12 >0.05 2.901
      B组 12 9.22±1.34 9.11±0.98 9.32±1.12 0.10 >0.05 1.337
      t 0.20 0.65 0.15
      P >0.05 >0.05 >0.05
  • A组术后膝关节恢复优良率为84.61%,与B组的90.67%比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 4)。A组膝关关节HSS评分为(87.96±4.17)分,与B组的(89.01±3.58)分差异无统计学意义(t=0.67,P>0.05)。A组膝关节僵硬2例,切口感染1例,并发症发生率为23.08%(3/13);B组膝关节不稳1例,切口感染1例,并发症发生率为16.67%(2/12),2组差异无统计学意义(Fisher′s确切概率法,P>0.05)。

    分组 n 优良率/% uc P
    A组 13 8 3 1 1 84.61 0.63 >0.05
    B组 12 9 2 1 0 90.67
    合计 25 17 5 2 1 88.00
3.   讨论
  • 胫骨平台骨折的受伤机制有以下三种:轴向负荷、侧方应力及两者的结合。其骨折类型与创伤能量、膝关节姿势、骨骼强度有关。年轻人骨质较好,抗压能力强,较常出现劈裂或楔形骨折;老年人骨骼的抗压力差,常出现胫骨平台关节面压缩骨折;中年人则常出现劈裂压缩骨折[7]

    X线片作为胫骨平台骨折最常用的影像学检查方法之一,是诊断胫骨平台骨折的首选方法[8],Schatzker分型将胫骨平台骨折分为6种类型:(1)Ⅰ型,外侧平台劈裂骨折;(2)Ⅱ型,外侧劈裂压缩型骨折;(3)Ⅲ型,外侧中央型压缩骨折,压缩部分可涉及前方、后方或者全平台;(4)Ⅳ型,内侧平台劈裂或凹陷性骨折;(5)Ⅴ型,双侧平台劈裂骨折,胫骨近端干骺端连续性仍然完好;(6)Ⅵ型,干骺端连续性被破坏[9-10]

    其中,Schatzker Ⅱ型骨折属于较简单平台骨折。针对Schatzker Ⅱ型骨折的治疗目的及原则为保护软组织,关节面解剖复位,可靠内固定并恢复力线,无肢体缩短与旋转,尽可能修复半月板与韧带损伤,以期最终获得稳定、对位良好、活动正常且无痛的膝关节[11]。随着近年微创理念在创伤骨科的进一步推广,对于Schatzker Ⅱ型胫骨平台骨折,在手术入路方面,发展为以前外侧切口为主,除非合并后柱较大块骨折塌陷的病人,需辅助后侧倒“L”形切口及后侧支撑钢板固定。李颖智等[12]对55例Schatzker Ⅱ~Ⅲ型胫骨平台骨折病人应用前外侧切口联合“T”型或“L”型解剖钢板植骨内固定治疗,其中51例随访6~24个月,均获得骨性愈合。

    在内固定选择方面,鲁健等[13]分别采用“竹筏式”拉力螺钉(3.5 mm)结合高尔夫接骨板及3.5 mm胫骨外侧解剖锁定“L”型钢板固定8具成人防腐标本,经过力学测试,发现“竹筏式”拉力螺钉辅以高尔夫接骨板固定Schatzker Ⅱ型胫骨平台骨折更具力学稳定性。谢水安等[14]将33例Schatzker Ⅱ~Ⅳ型胫骨平台骨折病人在关节镜下结合MIPPO技术对累及关节面骨块进行复位和钢板螺钉内固定,末次随访Rasmussen评分为23~28(25.7±1.5)分,其中优25例,良8例,无可、差病例。曹思维等[15]采用前外侧切口竹筏螺钉技术治疗Schatzker Ⅱ、Ⅲ型胫骨平台骨折病人25例,术后6个月采用HSS评分标准评定病人膝关节功能,参照Merchanf评分,优17例,良5例,可3例,优良率为88.0%,治疗效果满意。

    本研究针对两种手术中对于胫骨平台塌陷关节面的复位方式的比较,结合MIPPO技术及“竹筏”螺钉的应用,结果显示,2组病人术中出血量、手术时间、骨折愈合时间、膝关节HSS评分和并发症发生率差异均无统计学意义,2组病人术后即刻和术后3、6、12个月的TPA和PA度数差异均无统计学意义;B组切口长度明显小于A组,膝关节开始锻炼时间和下地负重时间均明显少于A组;A组术后膝关节恢复优良率为84.61%,与B组的90.67%比较差异无统计学意义。提示胫骨近端开窗撬顶的复位方式更加微创,能够缩短病人下地锻炼及完全负重的时间,减少切口感染等并发症的发生。

    综上,对于Schatzker Ⅱ型胫骨平台骨折的手术治疗,建议更为微创的复位及内固定方式。以期获得稳定、对位良好、活动正常且无痛的膝关节。但本研究仍存在很多不足,比如纳入的病例数较少,随访时间较短,缺乏对膝关节周围韧带撕裂二期修复的随访资料,有待进一步研究。

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