• 中国科技论文统计源期刊
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Volume 44 Issue 9
Sep.  2019
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Correlation analysis of preoperative outdoor activity status and prognosis of lumbar spinal stenosis patients treated with decompression surgery

  • Received Date: 2019-03-26
    Accepted Date: 2019-08-21
  • ObjectiveTo investigate the correlation between the level of outdoor activity before operation and efficacy after 3 and 12 months of decompression in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis(LSS).MethodsThe clinical data of 99 LSS patients treated with surgical decompression were retrospectively analyzed.According to the outdoor activities before operation, the patients were divided into the outdoor activity group(44 cases with regular participating in high intensity or moderate level of outdoor activities) and non-outdoor activity group(55 cases with mild outdoor activity or inactive sedentary state).The demographic data and prognosis after 3 and 12 months of operation in two groups were analyzed, and the correlation between two groups was studied.ResultsCompared with the outdoor activity group, the daily smoking rate and non-insulin dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus in non-outdoor activity group were higher(P < 0.05).The postoperative effects in two groups were better(P < 0.01), the improvement of VAS score and ODI index of leg pain in non-outdoor activity group were significantly lower than those in outdoor activity group(P < 0.05), and the difference of the treatment effect after 12 months of operation was not statistically significant(P>0.05).The results of multivariate analysis showed that the preoperative low back pain in patients with depression, BMI for 25.0-29.9, BMI for 30.0-34.9 and BMI for ≥ 35.0 kg/m2 were more severe(P < 0.05).The preoperative dysfunction and quality of life in patients with outdoor activities were lighter and higher, respectively(P < 0.05 to P < 0.01).The ODI index in LSS patients with outdoor activities were significantly improved after 12 months of decompression surgery(P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe early recovery time in LSS patients without outdoor activities before lumbar decompression surgery is long, but the desired outcome can be achieved after 12 months of surgery.
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  • [1] 徐剑, 张柯, 刘旭.椎管减压融合术与椎管减压术治疗腰椎管狭窄临床疗效的前瞻性研究[J].颈腰痛杂志, 2018, 39(4):393.
    [2] NORDEN J, SMUCK M, SINDA A, et al.Objective measurement of free-living physical activity(performance) in lumbar spinal stenosis:are physical activity guidelines being met?[J].Spine J, 2017, 17:26. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2016.10.016
    [3] 吴习威, 王军, 费勤勇.后路椎间盘镜下多节段有限减压治疗腰椎管狭窄症的疗效观察[J].颈腰痛杂志, 2018, 39(5):640.
    [4] PAPAVERO L, MAEQUES CJ, LOHMANN J, et al.Patient demographics and MRI-based measurements predict redundant nerve roots in lumbar spinal stenosis:a retrospective database cohort comparison[J].BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2018, 19(1):452. doi: 10.1186/s12891-018-2364-4
    [5] PAULSEN RT, BOUKNAITIR JB, FRUENSGAARD S, et al.Patient are satisfed one year after decompression surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis[J].Dan Med J, 2016, 63(11):A5299.
    [6] GOEL SA, MODI HN.Reoperations following lumbar spinal canal stenosis[J].Indian J Orthop, 2018, 52(6):578. doi: 10.4103/ortho.IJOrtho_380_17
    [7] EuroQol Group.EuroQol——a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life[J].Health Policy Amst Neth, 1990, 16(3):199. doi: 10.1016/0168-8510(90)90421-9
    [8] KIM JE, CHOI DJ, PARK EJ.Clinical and radiological outcomes of foraminal decompression using unilateral biportal endoscopic spine surgery for lumbar foraminal stenosis[J].Clin Orthop Surg, 2018, 10(4):439. doi: 10.4055/cios.2018.10.4.439
    [9] SIGMUNDSSON FG, KANG XP, JONSSON B, et al.Correlation between disability and MRI fndings in lumbar spinal stenosis:a prospective study of 109 patients operated on by decompression[J].Acta Orthop, 2011, 82:204. doi: 10.3109/17453674.2011.566150
    [10] KARM MH, CHOI SS, KIM DH, et al.Percutaneous epidural adhesiolysis using inflatable balloon catheter and balloon-less catheter in central lumbar spinal stenosis with neurogenic claudication:a randomized controlled trial[J].Pain Physician, 2018, 21(6):593.
    [11] 肖侃侃, 赵劲民, 殷国前, 等.TLIF治疗腰椎管狭窄并不稳在肥胖与非肥胖患者临床疗效比较[J].重庆医学, 2016, 45(11):1522. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-8348.2016.11.024
    [12] ELSAYED G, DAVIS MC, DUPEPE EC, et al.Obese(BMI >30) patients have greater functional improvement and reach equivalent outcomes at 12 months following decompression surgery for symptomatic lumbar stenosis[J].World Neurosurg, 2017, 105:884. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.06.072
    [13] 陈科, 朱立新, 陈仲, 等.腰椎管狭窄症患者行经皮脊柱内窥镜治疗后发生腰椎手术失败综合征的影响因素[J].广西医学, 2018, 40(22):2678.
    [14] 梁博伟, 唐福兴, 彭远媚, 等.影响经皮椎间孔入路内镜下神经根减压治疗腰椎管狭窄症临床疗效的相关因素分析[J].中国内镜杂志, 2019, 25(3):33. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-1989.2019.03.006
    [15] SANDEN B, FORSTH P, MICHAELSSON K.Smokers show less improvement than nonsmokers two years after surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis:a study of 4555 patients from the Swedish spine register[J].Spine(Phila Pa 1976), 2011, 36:1059. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181e92b36
    [16] MURPHY ME, MALONEY PR, MCCUTCHEON BA, et al.Predictors of discharge to a nonhome facility in patients undergoing lumbar decompression without fusion for degenerative spine disease[J].Neurosurgery, 2017, 81(4):638.
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Correlation analysis of preoperative outdoor activity status and prognosis of lumbar spinal stenosis patients treated with decompression surgery

  • Department of Spinal Joint Surgery, Sanya People's Hospital, Sanya Hainan 571500, China

Abstract: ObjectiveTo investigate the correlation between the level of outdoor activity before operation and efficacy after 3 and 12 months of decompression in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis(LSS).MethodsThe clinical data of 99 LSS patients treated with surgical decompression were retrospectively analyzed.According to the outdoor activities before operation, the patients were divided into the outdoor activity group(44 cases with regular participating in high intensity or moderate level of outdoor activities) and non-outdoor activity group(55 cases with mild outdoor activity or inactive sedentary state).The demographic data and prognosis after 3 and 12 months of operation in two groups were analyzed, and the correlation between two groups was studied.ResultsCompared with the outdoor activity group, the daily smoking rate and non-insulin dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus in non-outdoor activity group were higher(P < 0.05).The postoperative effects in two groups were better(P < 0.01), the improvement of VAS score and ODI index of leg pain in non-outdoor activity group were significantly lower than those in outdoor activity group(P < 0.05), and the difference of the treatment effect after 12 months of operation was not statistically significant(P>0.05).The results of multivariate analysis showed that the preoperative low back pain in patients with depression, BMI for 25.0-29.9, BMI for 30.0-34.9 and BMI for ≥ 35.0 kg/m2 were more severe(P < 0.05).The preoperative dysfunction and quality of life in patients with outdoor activities were lighter and higher, respectively(P < 0.05 to P < 0.01).The ODI index in LSS patients with outdoor activities were significantly improved after 12 months of decompression surgery(P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe early recovery time in LSS patients without outdoor activities before lumbar decompression surgery is long, but the desired outcome can be achieved after 12 months of surgery.

  • 腰椎管狭窄症(lumbar spinal stenosis, LSS)是临床常见的腰椎退行性疾病[1]。近年来,随着手术技术的不断发展,以及老龄化和肥胖人群的日益增多,LSS病人接受腰椎减压手术的比例不断上升[2-3]。手术减压后,虽然其短期改善率达到80%以上,但远期效果目前仍有争议,其成功率26%~100%[4]。甚至有学者[5]称,LSS病人行保守和手术治疗的疗效在4~5年后较为接近。有研究认为,病人术前活动水平是影响LSS病人行减压手术预后的一个重要因素[6],但目前少有研究涉及到术前户外活动所致影响。本研究收集了2015年2月至2017年6月行手术减压的99例LSS病人临床资料,观察其术前户外活动状态与术后3个月和12个月预后情况的相关性。现作报道。

1.   资料与方法
  • 选择2012年2月至2015年6月行腰椎减压手术治疗的LSS病人99例临床资料,其中男63例,女36例;年龄47~69岁;单节段手术31例,2节段42例,3节段18例,4节段6例。依据其术前的户外活动情况,将其分为2组:44例时常参加高强度或一般程度的户外活动,作为有户外活动组;55例为轻度户外活动或无活动的久坐状态,作为无户外活动组。统计2组病人的人口学资料,以及术后3个月和12个月随访期间的预后情况,并进行相关性分析。选择标准:病人有腰腿疼痛、间歇性跛行等典型症状,且经X线、CT等检查证实为腰椎管狭窄表现者;既往经3个月以上保守治疗无效,具备腰椎减压手术指征者;能准确提供术前的户外活动情况者;术后随访12个月以上,临床资料完整者。排除标准:非LSS病人;伴有腰椎骨折、感染或结核、肿瘤等其他疾病者;既往有腰椎外伤史或手术史者;术后存在意外伤或伴有其他相关疾病,以致对预后状态评估造成显著影响者。

  • 本研究为一项回顾性观察队列研究,收集所有病人数据资料,旨在描述病人户外活动与减压手术预后的相关性。病人在术前基线时,通过其自我报告的术前户外活动情况,进行术前基线资料分组,并观察2组术后3、12个月的转归情况。以开展以下工作:(1)通过人口学资料的组间对比,观察术前有户外活动的LSS病人临床特征;(2)通过术后3、12个月的转归情况进行组间对比和多元回归分析,以明确术前户外活动水平对手术预后的预测价值。

  • 纳入所有病人的术前人口学资料,包括年龄、性别、吸烟状况、糖尿病、抑郁症、体质量指数(BMI)和户外活动水平等;以及术后3个月和12个月的疗效指标数据,包括视觉模拟评分(VAS)、EuroQol健康指数量表(EQ-5D)[7]和Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)。

  • 采用χ2检验、t检验、方差分析和q检验、多元线性回归分析。

2.   结果
  • 与有户外活动组相比,无户外活动组病人的每日吸烟率较高(P < 0.05),非胰岛素依赖型2型糖尿病比例相对较高(P < 0.05)(见表 1)。

    人口学资料 有户外活动组(n=44) 无户外活动组(n=55) χ2 P
    平均年龄/岁 63.71±13.65 59.79±12.89 1.46* >0.05
    BMI/(kg/m2) 27.52±5.53 29.87±7.02 1.81* >0.05
    性别
      男女 32(72.73)12(27.27) 31(56.36)24(43.64) 2.82 >0.05
    吸烟情况
      每天 3(6.82) 15(27.27) 5.88 < 0.05
      不清楚 0(0.00) 1(1.82)
      不清楚 0(0.00) 0(0.00)
      不吸烟 41(93.18) 39(70.91)
    糖尿病
      非胰岛素依赖型2型 1(2.27) 10(18.18) 6.85 < 0.05
      胰岛素依赖型2型 1(2.27) 4(7.27)
      胰岛素依赖型1型 0(0.00) 0(0.00)
      无 42(95.45) 41(74.55)
    抑郁
      有 5(11.36) 12(21.82) 1.88 >0.05
      无 39(88.64) 43(78.18)
    户外活动情况
      剧烈活动 10(22.73) 0(0.00)
      一般活动 34(77.27) 0(0.00)
      轻度或久坐 0(0.00) 20(36.36)
      无户外活动 0(0.00) 35(63.64)
    家庭活动情况
      剧烈活动 3(6.82) 2(3.64) 28.17 < 0.01
      一般活动 28(63.64) 8(14.55)
      轻度或久坐 8(18.18) 30(54.55)
      无家庭活动 5(11.36) 15(27.27)
    ASA分级
      1 2(4.55) 1(1.82) 6.78 >0.05
      2 16(36.36) 9(16.36))
      3 26(59.09) 44(80.00)
      4 0(0.00) 1(1.82)
    减压节段
      1 17(38.64) 14(25.45) 2.17 >0.05
      2 16(36.36) 26(47.27)
      3 8(18.2) 12(21.82)
      4 3(6.82) 3(5.45)
    椎间融合
      1 1(2.27) 4(7.27) 1.30 >0.05
      2 2(4.55) 2(3.64)
      3 0(0.00) 0(0.00)
      4 0(0.00) 0(0.00)
    *示t
  • 术前:无户外活动组病人的腰痛VAS评分、ODI指数高于有户外活动组(P < 0.05和P < 0.01),EQ-5D评分低于有户外活动组(P < 0.01)。术后:99例中,有18例病人行微创手术,其中户外活动组6例,无户外活动组12例;其余病人均为常规减压手术。2组病人术后取得较好疗效(P < 0.01),但3个月时,无户外活动组腿痛VAS评分和ODI指数的改善程度均明显低于有户外活动组(P < 0.01);术后12个月时,2组上述指标的差异已无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 2)。2组病人的并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 3)。

    疗效指标 有户外活动组(n=44) 无户外活动组(n=55) 平均差 t P
    腰痛VAS评分/分
      术前 6.20±2.77 7.40±2.03 1.20 2.40 < 0.05
      术后3个月 2.06±2.03** 2.51±2.69** 0.45 0.92 >0.05
      术后12个月 3.10±2.65** 2.74±3.00** 0.36 0.62 >0.05
       F 32.54 61.71
       P < 0.01 < 0.01
       MS组内 6.272 6.786
    腿痛VAS评分/分
      术前 6.55±2.71 7.22±2.51 0.67 1.27 >0.05
      术后3个月 1.45±1.85** 3.26±3.31** 1.80 3.44 < 0.01
      术后12个月 2.52±2.55**△ 2.41±2.82** 0.11 0.20 >0.05
       F 55.28 43.13
       P < 0.01 < 0.01
       MS组内 5.756 8.403
    EQ-5D总分/分
      术前 0.62±0.20 0.46±0.23 0.16 3.64 < 0.01
      术后3个月 0.81±0.20** 0.74±0.24** 0.06 1.55 >0.05
      术后12个月 0.80±0.14** 0.77±0.24** 0.03 0.78 >0.05
       F 15.15 28.69
       P < 0.01 < 0.01
       MS组内 0.033 0.056
    ODI总分/分
      术前 35.55±13.50 51.35±14.14 15.80 5.63 < 0.01
      术后3个月 14.18±11.58** 25.44±22.41** 11.26 3.23 < 0.01
      术后12个月 16.84±15.84** 20.71±19.07** 3.87 1.08 >0.05
       F 31.56 42.12
       P < 0.01 < 0.01
       MS组内 189.084 355.271
    分组 n 开放手术 微创手术 并发症/[n;百分率(%)] χ2 P
    有户外活动组 44 38 6 6(13.6)
    无户外活动组 55 43 12 11(20.0) 0.70 >0.05
    合计 99 81 18 17(17.17)
  • 患有抑郁症、BMI为25~29.9 kg/m2、BMI为30~34.9 kg/m2、BMI≥35 kg/m2的病人术前腰痛更严重(P < 0.05);有户外活动的病人术前功能障碍相对较轻(P < 0.01~P < 0.05),生活质量相对较高(P < 0.05)(见表 4)。术前有户外活动的LSS病人在减压手术后12个月时ODI改善更为明显(P < 0.05)(见表 5)。

    变量 腰痛VAS 腿痛VAS ODI指数 EQ-5D评分
    年龄/岁
      40~ -0.194(1.370) -0.084(1.533) -4.439(8.252) 0.163(0.121)
      50~ -1.632(1.283) -1.093(1.436) -8.545(7.728) 0.194(0.113)
      60~ -0.409(1.288) -0.261(1.442) -5.506(7.762) 0.255(0.113)*
      70~80 -1.520(1.308) 0.468(1.465) -11.522(7.881) 0.138(0.115)
      男性 -0.540(0.609) -0.933(0.682) -1.195(3.667) -0.002(0.054)
    吸烟情况
      每天 0.601(0.680) 0.913(0.762) 7.487(4.099) -0.104(0.060)
      偶尔 -2.705(2.532) -0.197(2.835) -26.158(15.254) -0.033(0.223)
    2型糖尿病
      胰岛素依赖型 2.412(1.105)* 2.441(1.237) 11.312(6.656)* -0.266(0.097)**
      非胰岛素依赖型 1.179(0.910) 1.339(1.019) 4.313(5.484) -0.050(0.080)
      抑郁 1.782(0.746)* 1.427(0.835) 3.502(4.494) -0.115(0.066)
    BMI/(kg/m2)
      20~ 2.382(1.468) -0.352(1.644) 2.417(8.845) 0.120(0.129)
      25~ 3.583(1.438)* -0.454(1.610) 9.771(8.666) 0.147(0.127)
      30~ 3.847(1.555)* 0.464(1.741) 12.102(9.367) 0.024(0.137)
      ≥35 4.448(1.586)** 0.409(1.776) 16.021(9.555) 0.037(0.140)
    户外活动 -0.242(0.553) 0.333(0.620) -11.759(3.334)** 0.127(0.049) *
    Intercept值 4.306(1.962)* 7.228(2.196)** 45.747(11.818)** 0.250(0.173)
    Observations值 91 91 91 91
    R2 0.314 0.195 0.428 0.378
    调整后的R2 0.177 0.034 0.313 0.254
    剩余SE; df=75 2.254 2.524 13.580 0.199
    F; df=15, 75 2.293** 1.211 3.735** 3.039**
    *P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01
    变量 腰痛VAS 腿痛VAS ODI指数 EQ-5D评分
    年龄/岁
      40~ -1.736(4.011) 1.625(4.269) -10.887(20.245) -0.409(0.264)
      50~ -1.153(3.844) 2.037(4.092) -5.446(19.083) -0.150(0.253)
      60~ 0.410(3.843) 2.478(4.100) -4.503(19.329) -0.337(0.253)
      70~80 0.993(3.918) 4.284(4.169) -4.149(19.663) -0.189(0.258)
      男性 -1.614(1.191) -1.461(1.269) -2.803(6.079) 0.038(0.078)
      每天吸烟 1.914(1.258) 1.108(1.343) 0.510(6.418) 0.076(0.083)
    2型糖尿病
      胰岛素依赖型 -0.798(2.307) 0.207(2.455) -4.057(11.506) 0.093(0.152)
      非胰岛素依赖型 -0.871(1.693) 0.209(1.808) 4.351(8.641) -0.092(0.111)
      抑郁 -0.468(1.513) -0.053(1.611) -14.011(7.721) 0.007(0.100)
    BMI/(kg/m2)
      20~ -0.181(2.880) -4.550(3.065) -8.530(14.678) -0.202(0.190)
      25~ 3.217(2.836) -3.659(3.018) -4.989(14.450) -0.315(0.187)
      30~ 3.416(3.081) -2.572(3.293) -3.271(15.665) -0.076(0.203)
      ≥35 4.947(3.324) -3.406(3.537) -5.564(16.412) -0.265(0.219)
    户外活动 -0.910(1.052) -0.299(1.138) -12.180(5.355)* -0.127(0.069)
    Intercept值 2.577(4.864) 6.166(5.181) 44.547(24.368) 0.754(0.320)*
    Observations值 58 57 59 58
    R2 0.303 0.188 0.225 0.342
    调整后的R2 0.076 -0.082 -0.022 0.128
    剩余SE 3.369;df=43 3.585, df=42 17.193, df=44 0.222, df=43
    F 1.333;df=14, 43 0.696;df=14, 42 0.913;df=14, 44 1.596;df=14, 43
    *P < 0.05
3.   讨论
  • 本文通过回顾性研究,试图确定与LSS病人减压手术预后的术前相关因素。在以往,已有学者开展了类似方向的研究工作[8],但其结论有较大争议。部分学者认为,术前腰椎管狭窄程度可能与减压手术的预后相关;但亦有学者指出,狭窄程度与其术后的功能改善、疼痛和术后行走状态之间,均没有明确相关性[9-10]。有研究表明,肥胖(BMI>30 kg/m2)对LSS病人行腰椎减压手术的疗效有明确影响[11];然而近期研究则指出,肥胖虽然在短期内(3个月)对疗效有所影响,但肥胖和非肥胖病人在术后1年的疗效并无明显差异[12]。关于术前存在糖尿病、吸烟、抑郁和其他合并症等因素的影响,不少研究均指出,术前功能状态较好的LSS病人在减压术后可取得更好的疗效[13-14]。虽然既往已有相关研究涉及到病人术前的功能状态分析,但目前尚少有文献证实LSS病人术后疗效与术前的户外活动水平有关[15],而本研究在一定程度上弥补了这项空白。

    在本研究中,2组LSS病人在手术后3个月和12个月的腰腿痛VAS评分、ODI指数和EQ-5D评分均得到明显改善。但表 2可见,无户外活动组在术前存在更严重的腰痛和功能障碍,生活质量也明显偏低;术后3个月时,无户外活动组的腿痛VAS评分和ODI指数改善效果均明显差于有户外活动组(P < 0.05), 组间差异在术后12个月时已无统计学意义。该结果与ELSAYED等[12]的报告比较相似,在该研究中,伴有肥胖的LSS病人在术后初期改善较慢,但干预后12个月时达到了与无肥胖病人相似的效果。上述现象反映出:术前功能状态较差的病人术后恢复时间亦较长,因而在考虑行腰椎减压手术时,对病人的选择、术前咨询、疗效预估方面,均要考虑到这一点。此外,表 1的统计数据显示,无户外活动的LSS病人有吸烟和/或患糖尿病倾向。既往已有研究证实,上述因素对腰椎病理方面存在明显影响。例如,吸烟已被证明会导致椎间盘退变率升高,并且会降低腰椎融合手术后的成功融合率[15];而糖尿病则可能会增加术后并发症的发生率[16]。在本文的多变量分析中,当调整糖尿病和吸烟状况等协变量时,表 5可见,户外活动水平是唯一与减压术后12个月ODI评分显著改善相关的变量。结果表明,术前户外活动程度较高者,其术前和术后因LSS而致功能障碍的可能性较小。

    本研究的局限性在于,未能排除病人基础疾病、手术医生的水平、椎管狭窄程度、狭窄位置和手术方法等情况所致的影响,上述混杂因素可能会对研究结果造成一定的干扰。

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