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Volume 44 Issue 11
Nov.  2019
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Prenatal diagnosis of chromosome karyotype of fetal amniotic fluid in 1134 fetuses with different indications

  • Received Date: 2019-05-01
    Accepted Date: 2019-10-09
  • ObjectiveTo investigate the coincidence rate of chromosomal abnormalities in pregnant women with different prenatal diagnosis indications, and evaluate the clinical application value of noninvasive prenatal testing(NIPT) of maternal peripheral blood fetal free DNA as a first-line prenatal screening technology.MethodsThe chromosome karyotype of amniotic fluid cells from ultrasound-guided amniocentesis in 1134 pregnant women with different prenatal diagnosis indications from January 2017 to March 2019 were analyzed.ResultsA total of 91 cases with abnormal karyotypes were detected, and the abnormal detection rate was 8.02%(91/1134).The abnormal chromosome number(including chimera) in 79 cases(86.81%) was found, which included 21 trisomy in 46 cases, 18 trisomy in 13 cases, 13 trisomy in 4 cases, sexual chromosome abnormality in 6 cases and chimera in 10 cases.The abnormal chromosome structure in 12 cases was identified, and the abnormal detection rate of which was 13.19%(12/91).The coincidence rate of the abnormal amniotic fluid karyotype with different prenatal diagnosis indications included that the positive NIPT of which was 88.24%(the highest)(P < 0.01), the abnormal ultrasound screening of which was 9.73%(the second)(P < 0.01).The differences of the coincidence rates of abnormal amniotic fluid karyotype among the serological screening with high risk(3.81%), high age(3.42), abnormal ultrasound screening(9.73%) and other(2.38%) were not statistically significant(P>0.05).ConclusionsThe high risk of prenatal serological screening(Down's screening) is the main indication of amniocentesis, which is the highest coincidence rate.The NIPT test in the second trimester can provide more accurate screening and eugenics guidance for pregnant women.
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  • [1] WILLIAMS J, MAI C T, MULINARE J, et al.Updated estimates of neural tube defects prevented by mandatory folic Acid fortification-United States, 1995-2001[J]. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2015, 64(1):1.
    [2] 杨冬梅, 李敏清, 庞丽红, 等.孕前及孕早期补充小剂量叶酸对孕妇及胎儿的意义[J].广西医科大学学报, 2016, 33(1):96.
    [3] 李毅, 冯强, 司红卫, 等.二胎政策下羊水染色体检查与出生缺陷防控[J].泰山医学院学报, 2018, 39(7):726.
    [4] 王桂喜, 陈建华.胎儿游离DNA检测在胎儿染色体非整倍体疾病筛查中的应用[J].中国优生与遗传杂志, 2018, 26(9):40.
    [5] 边旭明.胎儿染色体非整倍体的无创DNA产前检测[J].实用妇产科杂志, 2013, 29(5):330.
    [6] 中华人民共和国卫生部.中国出生缺陷防治报告(2012)问答[J].中国实用乡村医生杂志, 2012, 19(20):3.
    [7] VIRTALA A, VILAKA S, HUTTUNEN T, et al.Childbearing, the desire to have children, and awareness about the impact of age on female fertility among Finnish university student[J]. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care, 2011, 16(2):108.
    [8] 钟惠珠, 刘晗, 易翠兴, 等.6168例染色体核型分析的产前诊断指征评价[J].国际检验医学杂志, 2013, 34(11):1367.
    [9] 邬洪梁, 蔡薇, 邵志兵, 等.岳阳地区4462例胎儿染色体非整倍体产前检测结果分析[J].中国妇幼保健, 2018, 33(22):5203.
    [10] 张璘, 任梅宏, 张晓红, 等.胎儿染色体异常与先天畸形类型关系的研究[J].实用妇产科杂志, 2013, 29(2):106.
    [11] 王宏吉, 曾晓玲, 赵淑云.无创DNA检测临床应用的研究进展[J].实用妇科内分泌杂志, 2017, 4(30):22.
    [12] VAN OPSTAL D, SREBNIAK MI, POLAK J, et al.False negative nIPT results:risk figures for chromosomes 13, 18 and 21 based on chorionic villi results in 5967 cases and literature review[J]. PLoS One, 2016, 11(1):e0146794.
    [13] 张红云, 符美丽, 王威.染色体非整倍体无创产前基因检测假阴性假阳性生物学原因分析[J/CD].中国产前诊断杂志: 电子版, 2017, 9(3): 48.
    [14] 王敏, 张闻, 梅瑾.全面二孩政策对21-三体综合征的产前诊断影响分析[J].中国优生与遗传杂志, 2017, 25(4):74.
    [15] 郭正琴, 陈雪清, 蔡素清, 等.1069例高龄孕妇外周血胎儿游离DNA产前筛查与诊断分析[J].中国优生与遗传杂志, 2018, 26(12):61.
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Prenatal diagnosis of chromosome karyotype of fetal amniotic fluid in 1134 fetuses with different indications

  • North Anhui Coal Power Group General Hospital Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Suzhou Anhui 234000, China

Abstract: ObjectiveTo investigate the coincidence rate of chromosomal abnormalities in pregnant women with different prenatal diagnosis indications, and evaluate the clinical application value of noninvasive prenatal testing(NIPT) of maternal peripheral blood fetal free DNA as a first-line prenatal screening technology.MethodsThe chromosome karyotype of amniotic fluid cells from ultrasound-guided amniocentesis in 1134 pregnant women with different prenatal diagnosis indications from January 2017 to March 2019 were analyzed.ResultsA total of 91 cases with abnormal karyotypes were detected, and the abnormal detection rate was 8.02%(91/1134).The abnormal chromosome number(including chimera) in 79 cases(86.81%) was found, which included 21 trisomy in 46 cases, 18 trisomy in 13 cases, 13 trisomy in 4 cases, sexual chromosome abnormality in 6 cases and chimera in 10 cases.The abnormal chromosome structure in 12 cases was identified, and the abnormal detection rate of which was 13.19%(12/91).The coincidence rate of the abnormal amniotic fluid karyotype with different prenatal diagnosis indications included that the positive NIPT of which was 88.24%(the highest)(P < 0.01), the abnormal ultrasound screening of which was 9.73%(the second)(P < 0.01).The differences of the coincidence rates of abnormal amniotic fluid karyotype among the serological screening with high risk(3.81%), high age(3.42), abnormal ultrasound screening(9.73%) and other(2.38%) were not statistically significant(P>0.05).ConclusionsThe high risk of prenatal serological screening(Down's screening) is the main indication of amniocentesis, which is the highest coincidence rate.The NIPT test in the second trimester can provide more accurate screening and eugenics guidance for pregnant women.

  • 出生缺陷是指由于染色体或基因、环境等因素所致,出现胎儿或胚胎在生长发育过程中出现诸如先天性心脏病、唇腭裂、无脑儿或者脊柱裂等结构和功能异常的疾病。它是导致围产儿死亡的主要原因,给社会和家庭带来沉重的经济及心理负担[1-2]。染色体疾病是造成新生儿出生缺陷的主要疾病之一,由染色体数目异常或结构异常引起的疾病,其临床表现主要有智力低下、发育迟缓、多发畸形、性发育异常及成年后的生育障碍等。由于大多染色体病无有效的治疗手段,产前筛查及诊断在控制出生缺陷中发挥极为重要的作用[3]。传统的产前筛查方法包括颈项透明层(NT)、血清学筛查等,近几年无创产前基因检测(NIPT)因其具有敏感性高、特异性高等优点[4],逐渐引起临床医生和广大孕产妇的关注。本研究回顾性分析我院接受羊水染色体核型分析的1134例孕妇检测结果,探讨具有不同产前诊断指征孕妇的羊水染色体与诊断指征符合率,评价各种产前筛查包括NIPT作为产前一线筛查技术的临床应用价值。

1.   资料与方法
  • 选取我院2017年1月至2019年3月因产前血清学高风险、NIPT阳性、高龄(≥35岁)、超声筛查异常、不良孕产史等具有不同产前诊断指征孕妇,知情同意并签署手术同意书,进行侵入性羊水取材培养,培养成功共1134例,年龄18~44岁,孕周17~24周。

  • 孕17~24周,有产前诊断指征,无手术禁忌证,常规消毒、B超辅助下行经腹羊膜腔穿刺取羊水20mL。按照实验室制定的标准操作,经离心、接种、收获、制片,做染色体G显带分析,对羊水细胞进行染色体数目和结构分析,在显微镜下计数20个中期细胞具有着丝粒染色体,如遇染色体异常或嵌合,加大计数至50个细胞。按照标准人类遗传学国际命名体系(ISCN2016)进行核型诊断。

  • 产前血清学筛查高风险:孕15~20+6周,21-三体综合征高风险切割值为≥1:270、18-三体综合征高风险切割值为≥1:350。NIPT阳性(包括高龄、产前血清学筛查临界风险或高风险、要求检测的人群):NIPT报告高风险或辅助报告异常。高龄:育龄≥35岁。超声筛查异常:脉络丛囊肿、心脏畸形、单脐动脉、鼻骨缺失或短小、NT增厚、颈部水囊瘤、心脏畸形、侧脑室扩张等指标异常或结构畸形。不良孕产史:曾经有胎儿畸形、出现死胎、死产或分娩染色体异常儿。其他:孕期用药、癫痫、智障、家族有遗传病病史等,来院要求产前诊断。

  • 采用χ2检验。

2.   结果
  • 1134例孕产妇中异常核型91例中,异常率8.02%。NIPT阳性者羊水穿刺符合率为88.24%最高(P < 0.01),其次为超声筛查异常结果符合率(P < 0.01),其他产前指征之间的符合率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 1)。

    产前指征 n 染色体核型异常符合 χ2 P
    NIPT阳性 51 45(88.24) 470.92 < 0.01
    超声筛查异常 113 11(9.73)**
    高龄(≥35岁) 146 5(3.42)**△△
    血清学高风险 735 28(3.81)**△△
    不良孕产史 47 1(2.13)**△△
    其他 42 1(2.40)**△△
    合计 113 4 91(8.02)
    χ2分割检验:与NIPT阳性组比较**P < 0.01;与超声筛查异常组比较△△P < 0.01
  • 91例异常核型中,血清学筛查高风险、NIPT阳性、高龄组中以非整倍体数目异常为主,其中21-三体在不同产前诊断指征中检出居多达46例,其中血清学筛查高风险11例,NIPT阳性检出21-三体27例,高龄2例,超声筛查异常5例;其次是18-三体13例,其中血清学筛查10例,NIPT阳性2例,超声异常10例;检出4例13-三体均为超声筛查异常(见表 2)。

    产前指征 染色体数目异常 合计 嵌合体
    21-三体 18-三体 13-三体 性染色体异常 染色体结构异常
    血清学高风险 11 10 0 0 3 4 28(30.77)
    NIPT阳性 27 2 0 5 6 5 45(49.45)
    高龄(≥35岁) 2 0 0 1 0 2 5(5.49)
    超声筛查异常 5 1 4 0 0 1 11(12.09)
    不良孕产史 1 0 0 0 0 0 1(1.10)
    其他 0 0 0 0 1 0 1(1.10)
    合计 46(50.54) 13(14.28) 4(4.39) 6(6.59) 10(10.99) 12(13.19) 91(100.00)
    注:染色体结构异常包括染色体易位、重复、缺失
3.   讨论
  • 我国是出生缺陷高发国家,每年新增出生缺陷儿约90万例,发生率约5.6%[5-6]。近几年由于二胎政策的放开,高龄产妇的增加,国内新生儿出生缺陷率增长迅速[7],这给医务工作者们提出了巨大挑战。

    本研究探讨了具有不同产前诊断指征孕妇的羊水染色体异常符合率,评价NIPT作为产前一线筛查技术的临床应用价值。结果表明,产前血清学筛查因其简便、低价、快速出报告、知晓度高的特点,孕妇容易接受,目前仍是羊水穿刺的主要指征,共735例,但其结果符合率低,仅为3.81%(28/735), 与钟惠珠等[8]报道的异常检出率相近。NIPT结果符合率高,为88.24%(45/51),与邬洪梁等[9]研究的阳性预测值相近,NIPT阳性组与其他组比较差异有统计学意义。它常应用于胎儿非整倍体、目标染色体疾病的筛查,目前存在价格较高、出报告时间较长的特点,是近几年新型产前筛查,孕妇知晓度低,在加大宣传、降低成本的基础上有望替代产前血清学筛查。超声筛查异常结果符合率9.73%(11/113),结构异常或畸形与染色体异常关系密切[10],使染色体异常风险增加。对于孕早、中期,不考虑侵入性产前诊断的孕妇,NIPT是一种极好的选择,但病人应知晓NIPT仅仅是一种筛查方法而不是确诊手段,所有结果都以胎儿染色体检查及复查结果作为金标准。文献[11]有报道NIPT存在假阳性、假阴性,其可能是因为异常细胞分布在胎盘滋养层、胚外中胚层并不一定来自于胎儿[12], 母体外周血中游离胎儿DNA的来源以及含量变化等生物因素,都会影响NIPT检测准确性[13]。此外,本研究中,染色体数目异常疾病中以21-三体发生率最高,高龄孕妇直接选择NIPT的人群在NIPT阳性的统计中,因此不能忽略二胎政策高龄产妇增加的影响,有相当多的文献[14-15]表明,高龄产妇会导致21-三体综合征的发生率增高。

    综上所述,产前血清学筛查是羊水穿刺的主要指征,NIPT则因其高结果符合率为孕妇提供更精准的优生指导,但这两者均存在局限性。实际工作中,医务工作者们应将NIPT与血清学筛查、超声检查、及染色体核型、基因芯片单核苷酸多态性微阵列技术[16]、细菌人工染色体微珠技术[17]等其他产前检测手段联合,为中孕期孕妇提供最佳的筛查和诊断方案。

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