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Volume 44 Issue 11
Nov.  2019
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Diagnostic value of the serum levels of procalcitonin and high sensitivity C reactive protein, and white blood cell count in early childhood infection

  • Received Date: 2018-07-30
    Accepted Date: 2019-11-15
  • ObjectiveTo investigate the diagnostic value of the serum levels of procalcitonin(PCT) and high sensitivity C reactive protein(hs-CRP) and white blood cell count(WBC) in early childhood infection.MethodsOne hundred and sixty children with infectious diseases from March 2017 to March 2018 were divided into the virus group(75 cases) and bacterial group(85 cases) according to the infection pathogen, and 60 healthy children were set as the healthy control group.The serum levels of PCT, hs-CRP and WBC were measured and compared among three groups, and the sensitivity, specificity and receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves of three indexes were calculated and plotted.ResultsThe differences of the serum levels of PCT and hs-CRP, and WBC value among three groups were statistically significant(P < 0.05).The serum levels of PCT and hs-CRP, and WBC in bacteria group were significantly higher than those in virus group and healthy control group, and the serum levels of PCT and hs-CRP, and WBC in viral group were significantly higher than those in healthy control group(P < 0.01).When the PCT was used to diagnose the bacterial infections, the area under the ROC curve of PCT, sensitivity and specificity were 1, 100% and 100%, respectively, and which was greater than whose of hs-CRP and WBC.ConclusionsThe serum levels of PCT and hs-CRP, and WBC have certain diagnostic value in early bacterial infection in children.Moreover, the sensitivity and specificity of PCT are higher, and the diagnostic value of PCT is better than that of hs-CRP and WBC.
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  • [1] 彭宝玲, 朱翠平, 万根平.降钙素原在儿童细菌感染性疾病中的应用[J].中华医院感染学杂志, 2012, 22(14):3197.
    [2] 张萍萍, 刘钢.脑脊液微小RNA对化脓性脑膜炎及病毒性脑炎鉴别诊断的价值[J].中华传染病杂志, 2016, 34(12):743.
    [3] 叶永玲.超敏C反应蛋白联合外周血白细胞检测在新生儿细菌感染性疾病中的价值[J].中国现代医学杂志, 2014, 24(28):42.
    [4] 许志有, 董战玲.血清hs-CRP在新生儿细菌感染性疾病早期诊断中的价值[J].现代预防医学, 2012, 39(1):25.
    [5] 史江峰, 马健.血清降钙素原对不同致病菌感染所致脓毒症的早期诊断及临床研究[J].重庆医学, 2017, 46(12):1626.
    [6] 孙晓凤, 多力坤·木扎帕尔.肺炎合剂对细菌性肺炎患儿血清PCT、hs-CRP、WBC变化的影响[J].中国药房, 2014, 25(15):1416.
    [7] 冯贺强, 张彩红, 李玉芬, 等.PCT与hs-CRP和WBC及NEU联合检测在老年冠心病病人细菌感染中的应用价值[J].中华医院感染学杂志, 2017, 27(20):4681.
    [8] 郑超, 乔陈财, 陈奕, 等.菌血症病人细菌感染程度与血清PCT、hs-CRP水平变化研究[J].重庆医科大学学报, 2017, 42(2):240.
    [9] 徐涛, 金法, 李宁, 等.血清CRP、IL-6及PCT对胆道感染的诊断价值[J].中华医院感染学杂志, 2017, 27(2):377.
    [10] LEE JY, HWANG SJ, SHIM JW, et al.Clinical significance of serum procalcitonin in patients with community-acquired lobar pneumonia[J]. Korean J Laborat Med, 2010, 30(4):406.
    [11] 何依绮, 傅万海, 孟琼, 等.降钙素原联合C反应蛋白和白细胞检测在新生儿感染性肺炎中的意义[J].广东医学, 2014, 35(11):1708.
    [12] 叶永玲.超敏C反应蛋白联合外周血白细胞检测在新生儿细菌感染性疾病中的价值[J].中国现代医学杂志, 2014, 24(28):42.
    [13] 郑文, 张燕堂, 刘新风, 等.C反应蛋白与白细胞计数在儿科细菌性感染中的诊断价值[J].山东医药, 2015, 35(9):216.
    [14] BAFADHEL M, CLARK TW, REID C, et al.Procalcitonin and c-reactive protein in hospitalized zdult patients with community-acquired pneumonia or exacerbation of asthma or COPD[J]. Chest, 2011, 139(6):1410.
    [15] BECKER KL, SNIDER R, NYLEN ES.Procalcitonin in sepsis and systemic inflammation:a harmful biomarker and a therapeutic target[J]. Br J Pharmacol, 2010, 159(2):253.
    [16] 马晓薇, 罗永艾.降钙素原在侵袭性真菌感染诊断中的应用价值研究[J].中华医院感染学杂志, 2012, 22(5):904.
    [17] 刘晓青, 桑岭, 农凌波, 等.血清降钙素原在严重脓毒血症病原诊断中的价值研究[J].中国实用内科杂志, 2014, 34(7):702.
    [18] 王耀华.新生儿感染性疾病患儿降钙素原水平的变化分析[J].中国妇幼保健, 2015, 30(20):3427.
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Diagnostic value of the serum levels of procalcitonin and high sensitivity C reactive protein, and white blood cell count in early childhood infection

  • 1. Qiongshan Maternal and Children Health Hospital, Haikou Hainan 570000
  • 2. Hainan Maternal and Children Hospital, Haikou Hainan 570100, China

Abstract: ObjectiveTo investigate the diagnostic value of the serum levels of procalcitonin(PCT) and high sensitivity C reactive protein(hs-CRP) and white blood cell count(WBC) in early childhood infection.MethodsOne hundred and sixty children with infectious diseases from March 2017 to March 2018 were divided into the virus group(75 cases) and bacterial group(85 cases) according to the infection pathogen, and 60 healthy children were set as the healthy control group.The serum levels of PCT, hs-CRP and WBC were measured and compared among three groups, and the sensitivity, specificity and receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves of three indexes were calculated and plotted.ResultsThe differences of the serum levels of PCT and hs-CRP, and WBC value among three groups were statistically significant(P < 0.05).The serum levels of PCT and hs-CRP, and WBC in bacteria group were significantly higher than those in virus group and healthy control group, and the serum levels of PCT and hs-CRP, and WBC in viral group were significantly higher than those in healthy control group(P < 0.01).When the PCT was used to diagnose the bacterial infections, the area under the ROC curve of PCT, sensitivity and specificity were 1, 100% and 100%, respectively, and which was greater than whose of hs-CRP and WBC.ConclusionsThe serum levels of PCT and hs-CRP, and WBC have certain diagnostic value in early bacterial infection in children.Moreover, the sensitivity and specificity of PCT are higher, and the diagnostic value of PCT is better than that of hs-CRP and WBC.

  • 感染性疾病常发生于儿童,在疾病早期临床症状往往类似,难以做出诊断,以至于影响抗菌药物的使用[1-2]。现如今,临床上常用的感染性诊断指标主要包括超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)及白细胞计数(WBC),然而这两个指标影响因素较多[3-4]。近年来发现血清降钙素原(PCT)在细菌性感染疾病的早期诊断上的灵敏性和特异性,细菌感染4h后就能在血清检测到PCT水平有明显升高,而且其感染6 h后PCT水平急剧上升并在6~24h不会被降解[6]。为了探讨hs-CRP、WBC及PCT对于儿童早期感染中的诊断价值,本研究对感染儿童进行相关指标检测,并应用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价诊断价值,以在早期准确指导用药,现作报道。

1.   资料与方法
  • 选取海口市琼山妇幼保健院儿科2017年3月至2018年3月感染性疾病患儿160例, 根据感染病原纳入病毒组(75例)和细菌组(85例),均经细菌培养、痰培养、血清学抗体、病原学检测证实,其中病毒组男35例,女40例,平均年龄(3.3±3.5)岁,轮状病毒19例,麻疹病毒11例,甲型流感病毒3例,EB病毒20例,柯萨奇病毒22例。细菌组中男45例,女40例,平均年龄(3.5±3.1)岁,败血症6例、细菌性肺炎42例、化脓性感染4例,尿路感染23例、肠炎10例。同时选取60名健康体检儿童纳入健康对照组,其中男32名,女28名,平均年龄(3.8±2.6)岁。各组儿童年龄、性别等一般资料具有可比性。

  • 对各组儿童在给予抗生素、抗病毒药前于清晨空腹采集静脉血2管,其中干燥管1支采血量3mL,凝固后即分离血清,采用电化学发光法,由德国罗氏E601型电化学发光自动免疫分析仪对PCT进行测定。采用免疫透射比浊法,由日立7180型全自动生化仪对hs-CRP进行测定。另外一支EDTA抗凝管采血量3mL,应用日本Sysemx XE-5000血液分析仪及原装配套试剂对WBC进行测定。

  • 测定并比较各组儿童血清PCT,hs-CRP水平及WBC,以培养及血清学结果作为细菌感染的“金标准”,计算并绘制三个指标的灵敏度、特异度和ROC曲线。

  • 采用方差分析、q检验及ROC判别评价各指标的诊断准确性。

2.   结果
  • 单因素方差分析结果显示,3组儿童血清PCT、hs-CRP及WBC测定值差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。细菌组患儿血清PCT、hs-CRP及WBC测定值明显高于病毒组和健康对照组(P < 0.01)。病毒组患儿血清WBC测定值明显高于健康对照组(P < 0.01)(见表 1)。

    分组 n PCT/(ng/mL) hs-CRP/(mg/L) WBC/(×109/L)
    细菌组 85 8.27±4.89**## 23.44±17.41**## 9.83±2.01**##
    病毒组 75 0.37±0.29 3.49±1.49 8.63±1.31**
    健康对照组 60 0.21±0.1 2.67±0.97 6.41±1.24
    F 178.46 91.04 80.57
    P <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
    MS组内 9.288 118.345 2.567
    q检验:与对照组比较**P < 0.01;与病毒组比较##P < 0.01
  • 血清PCT、hs-CRP及WBC对细菌感染的诊断效能对比结果见表 2。根据ROC曲线,PCT曲线下面积为1,hs-CRP曲线下面积为0.996,WBC曲线下面积为0.859。PCT及hs-CRP曲线下面积均超过0.9,提示血清PCT、hs-CRP有较高准确性,而且通过对血清PCT约登指数的计算可以得出最大值为1,此点对应的灵敏度为100.0%,特异度为100.0%。

    变量 最佳截断值 AUC(95%CI) 灵敏度/% 特异度/% 最大约登指数
    PCT 2.105 (1.00~1.00) 100.00 100.00 1.00
    hs-CRP 6.08 (0.99~1.00) 96.50 97.80 0.94
    WBC 9.775 (0.81~0.91) 70.60 84.40 0.55
3.   讨论
  • 对于儿童感染性疾病是常见的危急重症疾病,在早期感染中由于临床表现不明显,不容易被发现,而且病情发展快,甚至直接威胁到患儿生命,因此尽早诊断细菌感染和病毒感染,对临床上早期给予治疗以及避免各种并发症的发生具有重要意义。儿科常用细菌性感染鉴别指标例如hs-CRP和WBC尚存在不足之处,特别是WBC灵敏性、特异性不高。而确诊感染的金标准——细菌培养需要花费较长时间,并且缺乏标准化,阳性检出率低[6-7]。为此,探寻可靠的早期细菌感染标志物对于早期给予抗菌药物治疗有重要价值。

    CRP作为急性时相反应蛋白的重要组成部分,在严重组织损伤或肿瘤破坏的诊断中具有重要意义,同时也是感染性疾病的一项检测指标。hs-CRP的半衰期很短通常只有4~6 h,该检测指标能够给检测到CRP的微小变化,所以其特征之一就是灵敏度高很好[8-9]。但是相关学者认为该检测指标缺乏特异性,可在感染早期及炎症反应病人血清中检测到水平升高[10]。本研究结果显示,细菌组患儿血清hs-CRP较病毒组和健康对照组明显上升,病毒组患儿血清hs-CRP较健康对照组明显上升,比较差异具有统计学意义。而且hs-CRP曲线下面积超过0.9,提示血清hs-CRP有较高准确性,其灵敏度为96.50%,说明hs-CRP对患儿早期细菌感染的诊断具有一定的价值。

    WBC计数在临床中是最为常用辅助诊断细菌感染的指标,但WBC基础值的上升并不代表其可以作为细菌感染的独立指标,部分严重感染者外周血WBC可能出现不升高反而降低的现象[11]。而且该指标存在个体差异,容易受许多因素的影响,比如剧烈运动、精神不稳定、进食、寒冷刺激、采血部位不同以及采血技术水平等[12-13]。本研究结果显示,细菌组患儿WBC测定值较病毒组和健康对照组明显上升,病毒组患儿WBC测定值较健康对照组明显上升。但WBC曲线下面积为0.859,处于0.81~0.91的范围,说明WBC有一定准确性,但其对细菌感染的甄别灵敏较低,只有70.6%。

    随着医疗技术的发展,发现借助血清PCT的含量测定可以很好地判断病人的感染情况发生。血清降钙素作为前体激素,由甲状腺细胞产生,属于一种糖蛋白,具有稳定性好的特点,在健康人血清中浓度相当低,少于0.1 mg/L[14-15]。有大量研究[16-17]证实,PCT对细菌和真菌感染有较高的特异度,而且可以准确及时地反映细菌感染的程度,还不容易被自身免疫系统疾病、肿瘤及慢性炎症因子等所影响。当在对感染进行有效的控制后,病人血清PCT水平会逐渐恢复。本研究结果显示,细菌组患儿血清PCT明显高于病毒组及健康对照组,且病毒组患儿血清PCT水平较健康对照组明显上升。根据ROC曲线,PCT曲线下面积为1,最佳截断值为2.105 ng/mL,而且血清PCT约登指数最大值为1,其灵敏度为100.0%,特异度为100.0%,提示血清PCT的诊断效能十分高,而且明显优于hs-CRP及WBC,是一项灵敏度高、特异性高的指标,对细菌感染具有十分高的诊断价值。相关学者也得到了类似的结论,认为PCT在诊断感染性疾病上灵敏度和特异度高,王耀华等[18]纳入64例感染性疾病新生患儿作为受试者,结合感染程度划分为全身感染组和局部感染组,并同期纳入未感染疾病的新生儿作为非感染组,对3组PCT、hs-CRP和WBC等指标进行检测,结果显示和局部感染组和非感染组相比,治疗前全身感染组血清PCT、CRP、WBC明显升高,而治疗后全身感染组PCT水平显著下降;而感染组WBC高于非感染组,在血清CRP上组间比较差异均无统计学意义。进一步检测得出,与CRP及WBC相比,PCT的灵敏度和特异度明显更高,说明检测该指标有助于观察疾病的进展。

    综上所述,血清PCT、hs-CRP及WBC在患儿早期细菌性感染疾病中均有一定的诊断价值,并且PCT的灵敏性和特异性更高,其诊断价值优于hs-CRP和WBC,是细菌感染性疾病理想检测指标,可降低误诊率和漏诊率,可指导临床合理正确的治疗。

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