• 中国科技论文统计源期刊
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Volume 44 Issue 12
Dec.  2019
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Study on the correlation between the levels of CX26, CX32, CX43 and epithelial mesenchymal transformation-associated protein, and colorectal primary carcinoma and liver metastasis

  • Corresponding author: YANG Yan, qiannianhupo@163.com
  • Received Date: 2019-04-03
    Accepted Date: 2019-11-08
  • Objective To investigate the correlation between connexin(CX) 26, CX32, CX43 and epithelial mesenchymal transformation associated protein(E-cadherin and N-cadherin), and colorectal primary carcinoma and liver metastasis.Methods Forty colorectal cancer patients with liver metastasis diagnosed by pathological examination were investigated, and treated without chemotherapy, radiation, intervention and immunity therapy before operation.Forty colorectal cancer tissue specimens, 40 normal tissues adjacent to cancer specimens and 40 liver metastasis tissue specimens were divided into the group A, group B and group C, respectively.The expression levels of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, CX26, CX32 and CX43 in three groups were detected by immunohistochemical SP method.The relationship between the expression levels of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, CX26, CX32 and CX43 and clinicopathological features(including gender, age, depth of tumor invasion, degree of tissue differentiation and lymph node metastasis) of colorectal cancer were analyzed.The correlations of liver metastasis with levels of epithelial mesenchymal transformation, intercellular protein, CX26, CX32 and CX43 in colorectal cancer were analyzed.Results The differences of the positive expression rate of CX43 among the three groups were statistically significant(P < 0.05), and the differences of the positive expression rate of CX26, CX32, E-cadherin and N-cadherin among three groups were not statistically significant(P>0.05).The differences of the expression levels of E-cadherin, E-cadherin, CX26, CX32 and CX43 in different sex, age, depth of tumor invasion, degree of tissue differentiation and lymph node metastasis were not statistically significant(P>0.05), and the expression level of N-cadherin was positively correlated with degree of tissue differentiation(P < 0.05).Conclusions The expression levels of CX43 and epithelial mesenchymal transformation-associated proteins are significantly associated with colorectal primary carcinoma and liver metastasis.
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  • [1] BRENNER H, KLOOR M, POX CP.Colorectal cancer[J].Lancet, 2014, 383(9927):1490. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61649-9
    [2] SHE WH, CHAN AC, POON RT, et al.Defining an optimal surgical for synchronous colorectal liver metastases:staged versus simultaneous resection?[J].ANZ J Surg, 2015, 85(11):829. doi: 10.1111/ans.12739
    [3] WANG K, LIU W, YAN XL, et al.Long-term postoperative survival prediction in patients with colorectal liver metastasis[J].Oncotarget, 2017, 8(45):79927.
    [4] MENG Z, FANG T, APARNA V, et al.N-cadherin-expressing bone and marrow stromal progenitor cells maintain reserve hematopoietic stem cells[J].Cell Reports, 2019, 87(1):652.
    [5] MIMA S, YOSHIAKI VN, MIWA S, et al.Caveolin-1 promotes early neuronal maturation via caveolae-independent trafficking of N-cadherin and L1[J].Science, 2018, 54(10):1025.
    [6] NAKAGAWA S, MAEDA S, TSUKIHARA T.Structural and functional studies of gap junction channels[J].Curr Opin Struct Biol, 2010, 20(4):423. doi: 10.1016/j.sbi.2010.05.003
    [7] CRYSTAL DR, LISA KS, MARIANNE EB, et al.A catenin-dependent balance between N-cadherin and E-cadherin controls neuroectodermal cell fate choices[J].Mech Dev, 2018, 98(12):44.
    [8] ZHAO HB, SHI JM, ZHANG C, et al.Static compression down-regulates N-cadherin expression and facilitates loss of cell phenotype of nucleus pulposus cells in a disc perfusion culture[J].Biosci Rep, 2018, 69(4):125.
    [9] SILVA RS, LOMBARDI APG, DE SOUZA DS, et al.Activation of estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) regulates the expression of N-cadherin, E-cadherin and β-catenin in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells[J].Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 2018, 36(4):40.
    [10] 李青.间隙连接蛋白43在肿瘤领域的研究进展[J].现代医药卫生, 2014, 30(5):705. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-5519.2014.05.026
    [11] NOH MG, OH SJ, AHN EJ, et al.Prognostic significance of E-cadherin and N-cadherin expression in gliomas[J].BMC Cancer, 2017, 17(1):583. doi: 10.1186/s12885-017-3591-z
    [12] GUO MZ, MU Y, YU D, et al.Comparison of the expression of TGF-β1, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, TP53, RB1CC1 and HIF-1α in oral squamous cell carcinoma and lymph node metastases of humans and mice[J].Oncol Lett, 2018, 56(4):1639.
    [13] FAN SQ, ZHOU M, XIANG Q, et al.In situexpression of connexins in various carcinomas[J].Chin J Cancer, 2003, 22(7):686.
    [14] STEWART MK, BECHBERGER JF, WELCH I, et al.Cx26 knockout predisposes the mammary gland to primary mammary tumors in a DMBA-induced mouse model of breast cancer[J].Oncotarget, 2015, 39(7):37185.
    [15] ABBASIAN M, SAYYAH M, BABAPOUR V, et al.Intracerebroventricular injection of lipopolysaccharide increases gene expression of connexin32 gap junction in rat hippocampus[J].Basic Clin Neurosci, 2015, 25(4):334.
    [16] MORIOKA N, FUJⅡ S, KONDO S, et al.Downregulation of spinal astrocytic connexin43 leads to upregulation of interleukin-6 and cyclooxygenase-2 and mechanical hypersensitivity in mice[J].Glia, 2018, 58(7):428.
    [17] HOU JY, WANG LY, HOU JH, et al.Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma promotes mesenchymal stem cells to express Connexin43 via the inhibition of TGF-β1/smads signaling in a rat model of myocardial infarction[J].Stem Cell Rep, 2015, 11(6):885. doi: 10.1007/s12015-015-9615-7
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Study on the correlation between the levels of CX26, CX32, CX43 and epithelial mesenchymal transformation-associated protein, and colorectal primary carcinoma and liver metastasis

    Corresponding author: YANG Yan, qiannianhupo@163.com
  • Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Anhui 233004, China

Abstract: Objective To investigate the correlation between connexin(CX) 26, CX32, CX43 and epithelial mesenchymal transformation associated protein(E-cadherin and N-cadherin), and colorectal primary carcinoma and liver metastasis.Methods Forty colorectal cancer patients with liver metastasis diagnosed by pathological examination were investigated, and treated without chemotherapy, radiation, intervention and immunity therapy before operation.Forty colorectal cancer tissue specimens, 40 normal tissues adjacent to cancer specimens and 40 liver metastasis tissue specimens were divided into the group A, group B and group C, respectively.The expression levels of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, CX26, CX32 and CX43 in three groups were detected by immunohistochemical SP method.The relationship between the expression levels of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, CX26, CX32 and CX43 and clinicopathological features(including gender, age, depth of tumor invasion, degree of tissue differentiation and lymph node metastasis) of colorectal cancer were analyzed.The correlations of liver metastasis with levels of epithelial mesenchymal transformation, intercellular protein, CX26, CX32 and CX43 in colorectal cancer were analyzed.Results The differences of the positive expression rate of CX43 among the three groups were statistically significant(P < 0.05), and the differences of the positive expression rate of CX26, CX32, E-cadherin and N-cadherin among three groups were not statistically significant(P>0.05).The differences of the expression levels of E-cadherin, E-cadherin, CX26, CX32 and CX43 in different sex, age, depth of tumor invasion, degree of tissue differentiation and lymph node metastasis were not statistically significant(P>0.05), and the expression level of N-cadherin was positively correlated with degree of tissue differentiation(P < 0.05).Conclusions The expression levels of CX43 and epithelial mesenchymal transformation-associated proteins are significantly associated with colorectal primary carcinoma and liver metastasis.

  • 结直肠癌发病率在世界范围内位列恶性肿瘤第3位[1],肝脏因其在消化系统中的特殊性,是结直肠癌最常见的转移部位,约有四分之一的病人在初诊时已发生肝转移[2]。临床研究[3]表明,不干预的结直肠癌肝转移病人无进展生存时间仅为6.9个月,5年生存率较低,而进行根治术后,可将病人的无进展生存时间延长至35个月,且有30%~50%的病人总生存时间可长达5年。肿瘤细胞的侵袭、转移过程很复杂,有研究[4]表明上皮间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)在导致肿瘤细胞发生侵袭和转移过程中起着重要作用。上皮型钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)、神经型钙黏蛋白(N-cadherin)是EMT中两个标志性蛋白[5]。由间隙连接蛋白(connexin, CX)构成的细胞间隙连接(gap junction)对细胞的增殖和分化起着重要的调控作用,CX蛋白表达下调引起细胞连接通讯(gap junctionintercellular communication,GJIC)功能缺失,对细胞的新陈代谢、增殖分化、凋亡的调控作用丧失,导致细胞处于增殖失控和分化紊乱状态,最终恶化。目前在哺乳动物身上发现的CX至少有20种,相对分子质量为26 000~50 000,依相对分子质量的不同而分别命名为CX26、CX50等[6]。相关研究[7]表明CX26、CX32、CX43与移行细胞癌恶性程度具有一定关系,但是结直肠癌发生肝脏转移和EMT及CX26、CX32、CX43的相关性鲜见报道。本研究通过免疫组织化学方法研究E-cadherin和N-cadherin、CX26、CX32、CX43在结直肠癌原发灶、肝转移组织中的表达水平及临床病理特征的关系,了解结直肠癌局部浸润及远处转移与上皮间质转化的相关关系及可能机制。

1.   资料与方法
  • 选取2015-2017年初治的经手术治疗后病理检查确诊的结直肠癌肝转移石蜡标本40例, 男24例,女16例,年龄22~75岁。其中结肠癌17例,直肠癌23例。高、中、低分化分别为4、16、20例。肿瘤侵犯黏膜下层(T1)3例,侵犯固有肌层(T2)9例,穿透固有肌层达浆膜下层,或侵犯无腹膜覆盖的结直肠旁组织(T3)18例,穿透腹膜脏(T4)10例。无区域淋巴结转移(N0)4例,1~3枚区域淋巴结转移(N1)15例,4枚以上区域淋巴结转移(N2)21例。癌旁组织取自与手术标本相对应的正常直肠黏膜组织标本(距肿瘤边缘5 cm以上黏膜),经HE染色已证实无癌细胞浸润。纳入标准:确诊时均已发生肝脏转移;术前均未行化疗、放疗、介入及免疫治疗;均有完整的临床及病理资料。排除标准:不符合纳入标准;合并其他器官的肿瘤或衰竭的病人。分为3组:A组为结、直肠癌组织40例,B组为癌旁正常组织40例,C组为A组相对应的肝脏转移灶40例。

  • CX26、CX32、CX43兔抗人多克隆抗体购自美国Sigma肺和Invitrogen试剂公司, E-cadherin抗体和N-cadherin抗体、免疫组织化学SP试剂盒、免疫组织化学二抗和DAB显色试剂盒均购自福州迈新公司,其中鼠抗人E-cadherin蛋白克隆号MX020, 鼠抗人N-cadherin克隆号D-4。采用免疫组织化学SP法[8]:首先对得到样本进行烤片,68 ℃条件下进行20 min;常规二甲苯脱蜡,梯度乙醇脱水,如二甲苯Ⅰ脱蜡20 min,二甲苯Ⅱ脱蜡20 min,100%乙醇脱水5 min,95%乙醇脱水5 min,80%乙醇脱水5 min,70%乙醇脱水5 min;除去内源性过氧化物酶,在3%H2O2环境下37 ℃孵育10 min,后用PBS冲洗3次,每次5 min;抗原修复后置于0.01 mol/L枸橼酸缓冲液(pH 6.0)中,并在95 ℃条件下煮沸15~20 min,室温下自然冷却,PBS冲洗3次,每次5 min;采用正常羊的血清进行封闭,37 ℃封闭10 min,弃上清液,不清洗。然后滴加一抗(CX26 1: 300,CX32 1: 200,CX43 1: 400)于4 ℃冰箱中孵育过夜,PBS冲洗3次,每次5 min(PBS缓冲液作阴性对照);然后滴加生物素标记二抗,37 ℃孵育30 min,PBS冲洗3次,每次5 min;滴加辣根过氧化物酶标记的链霉素卵白素工作液,37 ℃孵育30 min,PBS冲洗3次,每次5 min;DAB/H2O2反应进行染色,自来水冲洗并采用苏木精复染,常规乙醇脱水至二甲苯透明,待干燥后用中性树脂封片。

  • CX43以细胞膜和/或细胞质中出现棕黄色颗粒为阳性表达。CX26、CX32和CX43表达结果的判断方法一致,EMT相关蛋白阳性:E-cadherin以细胞膜出现棕黄色颗粒为阳性表达,N-cadherin以细胞膜和/或细胞质中出现棕黄色颗粒为阳性表达。其阳性表达根据细胞着色程度及阳性细胞百分比综合计分作半定量分析,染色强度从无、淡黄、棕黄、棕褐分别记0、1、2、3分,阳性细胞数从<5%、5%~25%、>25%~ 50%、>50%分别记0、1、2、3分。染色强度与阳性细胞数百分比两者乘积为免疫组织化学检测最后评分,0分判为(-),1~3分(+),4~6分(2+),7~9(3+),其中2+~3+视为高表达,+~3+均视为阳性。复阅HE切片及临床病史资料,所有病理资料均经3位病理专家复查审核,采用双盲法,取平均值。

  • 采用χ2检验。

2.   结果
  • 40例结直肠癌标本中,CX26、CX32、CX43阳性着色主要分布于肿瘤细胞的细胞膜和/或细胞质;E-cadherin阳性着色主要分布于细胞膜,N-cadherin阳性着色主要分布于细胞膜和/或细胞质(见图 1)。3组除CX43蛋白阳性表达率差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),CX26、CX32、E-cadherin和N-cadherin蛋白阳性表达率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 1)。

    分组 n E-cadherin N-cadherin CX26 CX32 CX43
    A组 40 32(80.0) 32(80.0) 33(82.5) 31(77.5) 31(77.5)
    B组 40 36(90.0) 28(70.0) 37(92.5) 36(90.0) 38(95.0)
    C组 40 28(70.0) 36(90.0) 29(72.5) 28(70.0) 29(72.5)
    χ2 5.00 5.00 5.54 4.95 7.46
    P >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 < 0.05
    分组 n E-cadherin N-cadherin CX26 CX32 CX43
    性别
        男 24 19(79.2) 18(75.0) 19(79.2) 20(83.3) 19(79.2)
        女 16 13(81.2) 12(75.0) 12(75.0) 13(81.2) 12(75.0)
        χ2 0.03 0.00 0.10 0.03 0.10
        P >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05
    年龄/岁
        <60 30 27(87.1) 28(90.3) 27(87.1) 28(90.3) 28(90.3)
        ≥60 10 8(80.0) 9(90.0) 9(80.0) 9(90.0) 9(90.0)
        χ2 1.21 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.01
        P >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05
    瘤浸润深度
        T1和T2 12 10(83.3) 9(75.0) 9(75.0) 8(66.7) 10(83.3)
        T3 18 14(77.8) 13(72.2) 15(83.3) 14(77.8) 16(88.9)
        T4 10 7(70.0) 8(80.0) 8(80.0) 7(70.0) 9(90.0)
        χ2 0.56 0.21 0.31 0.49 0.27
        P >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05
    组织分化程度
        高和中 20 16(80.0) 17(85.0) 17(85.0) 16(80.0) 18(90.0)
        低 20 12(60.0) 11(55.0) 13(65.0) 12(60.0) 14(70.0)
        χ2 1.90 4.28 2.13 1.90 2.50
        P >0.05 < 0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05
    淋巴结转移情况
        N0 4 3(75.0) 3(75.0) 3(75.0) 3(75.0) 3(75.0)
        N1 15 14(93.3) 13(86.7) 13(86.7) 12(80.0) 14(93.3)
        N2 21 13(61.9) 12(57.1) 13(61.9) 12(57.1) 13(61.9)
        χ2 4.61 3.68 2.70 2.20 4.61
        P >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05
  • E-cadherin、N-cadherin及CX26、CX32、CX43与病人的性别、年龄、肿瘤浸润深度及淋巴结转移情况差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),而N-cadherin与组织分化程度呈明显相关关系(P < 0.05)。

3.   讨论
  • 肿瘤细胞的侵袭、转移是一个极其复杂的过程,主要通过多基因调控和多步骤发展来完成,该过程涉及到癌细胞、机体、靶组织的相互作用[9]。EMT是一种瞬时、可逆的过程,EMT的发生是一个多基因、多步骤、多阶段的复杂过程,与多种蛋白分子、生长因子、转录因子等有关,涉及了多个信号转导通路和复杂的分子机制。临床上,EMT和肿瘤细胞的分化状态与其侵袭转移和临床预后密切相关[10]。机体发生EMT后,会导致细胞E-cadherin等上皮标记基因表达降低,N-cadherin等间质标记基因表达升高。E-cadherin出现的异常变化也会影响到EMT的变化,其在许多肿瘤中均有不同程度的表达,表达出现下降表明病人治疗的预后比较差,因此可以作为肿瘤治疗效果重要评价指标。有研究[11]发现在正常上皮细胞中E-cadherin会出现强阳性表达,而在肿瘤组织中显示为低表达、不均匀性表达,而且表达强度也会随着肿瘤分化程度下降而降低。N-cadherin的高表达与肿瘤的浸润和转移密切相关,其表达与E-cadherin的作用恰好相反,相关研究[12]发现,N-cadherin在肿瘤组织细胞中处于高表达,而在正常组织中处于低表达。但关于E-cadherin和N-cadherin在结直肠癌肝转移组织的表达及其临床意义国内外均未见详细报道。本研究的结果显示结、直肠癌原发灶与肝转移瘤组织的E-cadherin和N-cadherin的表达率虽与正常癌旁组织的表达率存在差异,但无统计学意义,可能与本研究入组条件苛刻且样本量较少有关。

    细胞间隙连接是由跨膜的CX构成,是相邻细胞间一种能开放和关闭的膜通道,允许细胞代谢产物和小分子通过细胞膜孔道进入相邻细胞,维持细胞间的信息沟通和代谢平衡,调控细胞的分化和增殖,稳定细胞外基质的内环境,使细胞间形成比单一细胞更协调的代谢共同体,即GJIC,不同组织内的GJIC具有不同的功能:GJIC依赖型和非依赖型,前者由两个细胞或多个相邻细胞的CX单体耦合形成GJIC,通过GJIC发挥作用;后者以CX单体即未配对的CX在细胞内发挥作用。GJIC对细胞的增殖、分化、新陈代谢以及维持内环境的稳定等生理过程的调控发挥重要作用,CX异常表达可引起细胞间隙连接障碍,从而引起GJIC功能的变化,GJIC功能的缺陷或丧失可能与多种恶性肿瘤增殖、分化密切相关[13]。CX是由位于不同染色体上的CX基因编码的连接蛋白大家族,目前发现的大约20种CX具有高度同源性,在细胞膜上4次跨膜,形成M型的跨膜分子链,不同的组织存在相对特异的CX蛋白。人CX26基因定位于13号染色体上,13q11-12,相对分子质量为26 000,主要表达在机体组织的上皮细胞,对尿路上皮细胞中存在相对组织特异性的基因,对维持机体的正常尿路上皮细胞间物质和信息的传递等起着重要的作用,CX26表达的强弱程度会随着移行细胞癌恶性程度发生相反的表达,处于一种负相关状态[14]。CX32存在于人性染色体X的短臂及长臂上,Xp11-q22,相对分子质量为32 000,主要在正常肝细胞的细胞膜上表达。在泌尿系相关临床研究中,CX32在肾癌的发生、发展、治疗中起着抑癌基因的重要作用[15]。人CX43主要在5号及6号染色体2个基因位点上发生变化,一个假基因定位在5号染色体,另一个表达基因定位在6号染色体,相对分子质量为43 000,主要分布在间质及上皮组织,是哺乳动物心肌中最主要的CX[16-17]。本文结果显示3组除CX43蛋白阳性表达率差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)外,CX26、CX32、E-cadherin和N-cadherin蛋白阳性表达率差异均无统计学意义;E-cadherin、N-cadherin及CX26、CX32、CX43与病人的性别、年龄、肿瘤浸润深度及淋巴结转移情况差异均无统计学意义,而N-cadherin与组织分化程度呈明显相关关系,提示结直肠癌发生肝脏转移和上皮间质转化可能与CX43、N-cadherin存在相关关系,而与E-cadherin及CX26、CX32的表达无明显相关。

    本研究受入组条件及样本量限制,未能探究其具体机制,有赖于扩大样本量及进一步的分子细胞学实验深入研究。

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