• 中国科技论文统计源期刊
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Volume 44 Issue 12
Dec.  2019
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Study on the changes of the inflammatory factors level in patients with bloodstream infection caused by different types of pathogens

  • Received Date: 2018-11-29
    Accepted Date: 2019-09-03
  • ObjectiveTo analyze the changes of the levels of procalcitonin(PCT) and C-reactive protein(CRP) in patients with bloodstream infection(BSI), and explore their clinical value in the diagnosis of BSI.MethodsThe levels of PCT and CRP between the patients with BSI(BSI group, 43 cases) and other sites infection without BSI(non-BSI group, 43 cases) were compared in the early stage of infection(before treatment), and the ROC curve was drawn to evaluate the clinical value of PCT and CRP in the early diagnosis of BSI.ResultsThe results of blood culture showed that among the patients with BSI infection, 15 cases were infected with Gram-positive bacteria, accounting for 34.9%, and 28 cases were infected with Gram-negative bacteria, accounting for 65.1%.The main Gram-positive bacterium was Streptococcus, and the main Gram-negative bacterium was Escherichia coli.The levels of PCT and CRP in BSI group were significantly higher than those in non-BSI group in the early infection(P < 0.01), and the levels of PCT and CRP in BSI group were significantly higher than those in Gram-positive bacteria group(P < 0.01).Among different bacteria infection, the area under the ROC curve of PCT and CRP were 0.976 and 0.886, respectively, the specificity of which was 96.4% and 78.6%, respectively, and the sensitivity of which was 86.7% and 94.55%, respectively.ConclusionsThe detection of PCT and CRP has the early diagnostic value for BSI, and can preliminarily determine the type of pathogens, and guide clinical empirical medication.However, the specific medication scheme needs to be selected according to the clear results of blood culture to improve clinical therapeutic effects.
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  • [1] RAZ-PASTEUR A, HUSSEIN K, FINKELSYEIN R, et al.Blood stream infections(BSI) in severe burn patients-early and late BSI:a 9-year study[J].Burns, 2013, 39(4):636. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2012.09.015
    [2] MARTIN GS, MANNINO DM, EATON S, et al.The epidemiology of sepsis United States from 1979 through 2000[J].NEJM, 2003, 34(8):1546.
    [3] FU Y, CHEN J, CAI B, et al.The use of PCT, CRP, IL-6 and SAA in critically ill patients for an early distinction between candidemia and gram-positive/negative bacteremia[J].J Infect, 2012, 64(4):438. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2011.12.019
    [4] 彭胡, 王春燕, 邱厚兵, 等.不同感染性指标对血流感染患者的早期诊断效果[J].中华医院感染学杂志, 2018, 28(3):321.
    [5] 陈炜, 赵磊, 牛素平, 等.不同炎症因子对细菌性血流感染所致脓毒血症的早期诊断价值[J].中华危重急救医学, 2014, 26(3):165.
    [6] STERLING SA, PUSKARICH MA, JONES AE.The effect of liver disease on lactate normalization in severe sepsis and septic shock:a cohort study[J].Clin Exp Emerg Med, 2015, 2(4):197. doi: 10.15441/ceem.15.025
    [7] 高戈, 冯喆, 常志刚, 等.2012国际严重脓毒血症及脓毒性休克诊疗指南[J].中华危重急救医学, 2015, 25(8):501.
    [8] 李玉玲, 杨景峰, 王志斌, 等.血清PCT、CRP及内毒素在细菌性血流感染所致脓毒血症患者中的早期诊断价值[J].现代生物医学进展, 2017, 17(2):4365.
    [9] 全浩平, 王良平.降钙素原预测血流感染和血培养菌种分类的价值[J].浙江医学教育, 2015, 14(3):41. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-0024.2015.03.015
    [10] 王胜云, 陈德昌.降钙素原和C-反应蛋白与脓毒血症患者病情严重程度评分的相关性研究及其对预后的评估价值[J].中华危重急救医学, 2015, 27(2):97.
    [11] HARBARTH S, HOLECKOVA K, FROIDEVAUX C, et al.Diagnostic value of procalcitonin, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8 in critically ill patients admitted with suspected sepsis[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2001, 164(3):396. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.3.2009052
    [12] 陈巧巧, 雷明, 汤飒爽, 等.剖宫产产褥感染产妇的血清降钙素原与C-反应蛋白水平变化研究[J].中华医院感染学杂志, 2016, 26(19):4503.
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Study on the changes of the inflammatory factors level in patients with bloodstream infection caused by different types of pathogens

  • Department of Laboratory, Lu'an People's Hospital, Lu'an Anhui 233002, China

Abstract: ObjectiveTo analyze the changes of the levels of procalcitonin(PCT) and C-reactive protein(CRP) in patients with bloodstream infection(BSI), and explore their clinical value in the diagnosis of BSI.MethodsThe levels of PCT and CRP between the patients with BSI(BSI group, 43 cases) and other sites infection without BSI(non-BSI group, 43 cases) were compared in the early stage of infection(before treatment), and the ROC curve was drawn to evaluate the clinical value of PCT and CRP in the early diagnosis of BSI.ResultsThe results of blood culture showed that among the patients with BSI infection, 15 cases were infected with Gram-positive bacteria, accounting for 34.9%, and 28 cases were infected with Gram-negative bacteria, accounting for 65.1%.The main Gram-positive bacterium was Streptococcus, and the main Gram-negative bacterium was Escherichia coli.The levels of PCT and CRP in BSI group were significantly higher than those in non-BSI group in the early infection(P < 0.01), and the levels of PCT and CRP in BSI group were significantly higher than those in Gram-positive bacteria group(P < 0.01).Among different bacteria infection, the area under the ROC curve of PCT and CRP were 0.976 and 0.886, respectively, the specificity of which was 96.4% and 78.6%, respectively, and the sensitivity of which was 86.7% and 94.55%, respectively.ConclusionsThe detection of PCT and CRP has the early diagnostic value for BSI, and can preliminarily determine the type of pathogens, and guide clinical empirical medication.However, the specific medication scheme needs to be selected according to the clear results of blood culture to improve clinical therapeutic effects.

  • 血流感染(bloodstream infection, BSI)是指由于病原微生物入侵血液引起的全身炎症反应综合征。其发生发展遵循其自身的病理过程和规律,一般情况下危险系数高、进展缓慢、预后较差,若发现不及时会对全身脏器造成严重损害,最终导致死亡[1]。据报道,每年全球新增数百万BSI病人,其中超过四分之一死亡,BSI已成为美国第10位致死原因[2],病人每年花费达到140亿美元,在我国每年也有超过10万人因BSI而死亡[3],得到全球的高度重视。目前,国内外一致认为,诊断BSI的金标准为血培养,但是由于血培养周期长(一般为5~7 d)、易污染(多次、反复抽血及消毒不完全等原因)和阳性率低(有文献[4]报道,目前国内血培养的阳性率仅为16.9%)等原因,待诊断明确时,往往容易错过最佳治疗时机[5],给病人带来身体上、精神上和经济上的巨大负担。所以临床上急需一种早期、快速、有效的方法来诊断BSI。有研究[6]指出,BSI如果能够早期得到正确的诊断及治疗,病人存活率会得到大大的提高,1 h内得到正确诊断及治疗,其存活率可达80%,6 h内可达50%。因此,如何早期诊断、治疗BSI,降低死亡率显得十分重要。目前国内外研究较多的是降钙素原(PCT)和C反应蛋白(CRP)。本研究收集我院相关BSI病例,通过观察PCT和CRP在体内的水平变化判断其与BSI的关系,为临床提供相关科学依据。

1.   资料与方法
  • 收集2016-2017年于我院住院治疗的BSI病例(BSI组)及同期住院非BSI但有其他部位感染病例(非BSI组),各43例。BSI的判断标准参照《脓毒血症诊断标准》[7]:(1)体温>38 ℃或者 < 36 ℃;(2)血培养阳性;(3)排除其他系统疾病如血液系统、免疫系统疾病等引起的感染。BSI组男25例,女18例,年龄(44.6±28.10)岁;非BSI组男24例,女19例,年龄(40.1±27.23)岁。2组病例年龄、性别差异均无统计学意义(t=0.25, P>0.05;χ2=0.05,P>0.05)。收集2组病人在早期发生感染时(未经治疗前)PCT和CRP相关数据进行分析。

  • 血培养采用法国梅里埃公司BACT/ALERT 3D型血培养仪进行检测;细菌鉴定及药敏采用法国梅里埃公司VITEK2-COMPACT型全自动细菌鉴定分析系统进行检测;PCT采用法国梅里埃公司MINI-VADIS型全自动分析仪进行检测, 检测原理为双抗夹心法,阴性值为 < 0.05 ng/mL;CRP采用美国贝克曼公司AU5800型全自动生化分析仪进行检测,检测原理为免疫比浊法,阴性值为 < 8 mg/L,所有试剂均为仪器原装配套。质控菌株为大肠埃希菌ATCC25922、铜绿假单胞菌ATCC27853、金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC29213和粪肠球菌ATCC29212,均由卫生部提供。

  • 采用t′检验、χ2检验和ROC曲线。

2.   结果
  • 早期发生感染时(未经治疗前)BSI组PCT和CRP的水平均明显高于非BSI组(P < 0.01)(见表 1)。

    分组 n PCT/(ng/mL) CRP/(mg/L)
    BSI组 43 7.85±6.94 109.89±53.10
    非BSI组 43 0.15±0.12 53.02±21.06
    t 7.27 6.53
    P < 0.01 < 0.01
  • 43例BSI病人中感染革兰阳性球菌15例(34.9%),革兰阴性杆菌28例(65.1%)(见表 2)。

    病原菌 株数 构成比/%
    革兰阳性菌 15 34.9
      链球菌 8 18.6
      金黄色葡萄球菌 4 9.3
      肠球菌 3 7.0
    革兰阴性菌 28 65.1
      大肠埃希菌 18 41.9
      肺炎克雷伯菌 6 13.9
      其他 4 9.3
    合计 43 100.0
  • 革兰阳性球菌所致BSI病人PCT和CRP水平均明显低于革兰阴性杆菌所致BSI病人的水平(P < 0.01)(见表 3)。

    分组 n PCT/(ng/mL) CRP/(mg/L)
    革兰阳性菌 15 2.09±1.57 63.57±28.60
    革兰阴性菌 28 10.93±6.73 134.70±46.19
    t 6.62 5.42
    P < 0.01 < 0.01
  • PCT在区分革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌感染时ROC曲线下面积为0.976,临界值4.19,敏感度和特异度分别为86.7%和96.4%;CRP在区分革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌感染时ROC曲线下面积为0.886,临界值为115.3,敏感度和特异度分别为94.55%和78.6%。

3.   讨论
  • BSI会危及病人生命,在医院得到越来越多的重视,特别是一些免疫力低下、抵抗力弱的病人更容易发生BSI。本研究发现,BSI病人感染细菌主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,这与国内相关报道[8-9]基本一致。这些细菌均为机会性感染型,在机体免疫力下降、患有基础疾病以及过度使用抗菌药物等情况下会发生机会性感染,提示临床要加强这类病人的监测与管理,特别是针对小儿科、感染科、肾脏内科及老年病科等就诊及住院病人应加强管理,尽量做到及时发现、及时治疗。

    PCT是一种蛋白质,来自定位于第11号染色体上(11p15, 4)的由2 800个碱基对组成的单拷贝基因,转录后在甲状腺滤泡旁细胞内翻译成降钙素前体,降钙素前体再经过剪切,生成含有116个氨基酸的PC,是一种无活性的降钙素的前肽物质。正常情况下,人体内PCT含量极少,但是当机体出现炎症反应特别是细菌感染时,PCT会在内毒素等细胞因子的诱导下大量分泌,一般2~3 h开始增加,6~8 h体内浓度快速升高,12~48 h达到峰值,2~3 d后恢复正常[10]。由此可见,PCT对诊断细菌感染具有重要价值,并且可以提高诊断的准确度[11]。本次研究中,BSI病人体内PCT上升水平比患有其他部位感染病人的上升水平显著提高,同时随着PCT水平的不断上升,发生BSI的概率也会随之增加,提示临床可以根据PCT上升水平来预警病人是否会存在BSI的风险,早期、及时抗BSI治疗,并且合理应用抗菌药物,降低病死率。本研究结果显示,病人因感染革兰阴性菌致BSI时其体内PCT上升水平明显高于革兰阳性菌所致BSI的水平,提示临床可以根据PCT上升水平初步判断为哪类细菌感染,使经验性用药相对准确,减少病人不必要的负担,降低医疗风险。

    CRP是一种经典的急性时相蛋白,编码基因位于1号染色体上(1q21-q23),包含224个氨基酸,是一种极其灵敏的急性时相反应指标,在创伤、感染、炎症、肿瘤等时会显著上升,可达正常值2 000倍以上。本研究显示,BSI病人体内CRP上升水平明显高于其他部位感染者水平,因此,亦可以将CRP作为BSI的诊断指标之一。但有报道[12]指出,当病人有支原体、衣原体和病毒等感染时,其体内CRP水平变化并不敏感,因此,必须联合其他感染性指标进行评价和诊断。

    ROC曲线分析显示,在不同细菌感染时,PCT和CRP曲线下面积均>0.5,但PCT特异性和灵敏度更高,CRP缺乏有效的特异性,只能作为普通的感染指标判断是否存在炎症反应,提示临床,在监测BSI时,应联合应用PCT和CRP,才能提高灵敏度及准确性。

    综上所述,PCT联合CRP诊断早期BSI具有一定的价值,可初步判断BSI的致病菌类型,使临床经验性用药更加准确,具体用药方案需要根据血培养的明确结果进行选择。及时采取PCT、CRP联合血培养检查能提高BSI临床治疗效果,降低病人死亡率,具有良好的临床应用价值。

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