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Volume 45 Issue 10
Nov.  2020
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A study on the correlation between the symptoms of school-age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and maternal depression and anxiety

  • Corresponding author: WANG Jun, 664586331@qq.com
  • Received Date: 2019-08-25
    Accepted Date: 2020-02-02
  • ObjectiveTo analyze the correlation between the symptoms of school-age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) and maternal depression and anxiety.MethodsAccording to the diagnostic criteria of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(DSM-V), 120 school-age children with ADHD and 120 normal school-age children were divided into the case group and control group, respectively.The anxiety and depression in two groups were evaluated and compared by the self-rating depression scale(SDS) and self-rating anxiety scale(SAS).The symptoms and behavior problems of ADHD children were assessed using SNAP-IV.The correlations between children's ADHD symptoms and their mothers' depression and anxiety were analyzed.In combination with the time and duration of the first discovery of symptoms, the correlation between children's ADHD symptoms and maternal depression and anxiety scores were analyzed.ResultsThe standard scores of SDS and SAS of mothers in case group were significantly higher than those in control group(P < 0.01), and the severity of depression and anxiety of mothers in case group were significantly higher than those in control group(P < 0.01).The standard scores of SDS and severity of depression of mothers in preschool age subgroup were higher than those in school-age subgroup(P < 0.01).The SNAP-IV hyperactivity factor score and total score were positively correlated with the standard scores of SAS in preschool age subgroup(P < 0.01 and P < 0.05).There was not significant correlation between the scores of attention deficit factors in ADHD children and standard score of SAS of mothers(P>0.05), and the scores of other factors and total score in ADHD children were positively correlated with the standard scores of SDS and SAS of mothers in school-age subgroup(P < 0.05 to P < 0.01).ConclusionsThe mothers of schoo-age children with ADHD are prone to have depression and anxiety.According to the time of the discovery of symptoms, the symptoms of school-age children with ADHD are correlated with maternal depression and anxiety to varying degrees.
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  • [1] American Psychiatric Association.Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders[M].5th ed.Arlington:American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013.
    [2] WYMBS BT, PELHAM WE, GNAGY EM, et al.Mother and adolescent reports of interparental discord among parents of adolescents with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder[J].J Emot Behav Disord, 2008, 16(1):29. doi: 10.1177/1063426607310849
    [3] 童连, 史慧静, 臧嘉捷.中国儿童ADHD流行状况Meta分析[J].中国公共卫生, 2013, 29(9):1279.
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    [5] 蒋婷婷, 朱萍.生物反馈治疗结合家长培训对于注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的疗效观察[J].中国中西医结合儿科学, 2017, 9(2):130.
    [6] BABAKHANIAN M, SAYAR S, BABAKHANIAN M, et al.Iranian children with ADHD and mental health of their mothers:The role of stress[J].Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci, 2016, 10(1):e2026.
    [7] 朱庆庆, 花静, 古桂雄.注意缺陷多动障碍儿童及家长的心理健康研究[J].中国妇幼健康研究, 2015, (2):178.
    [8] 张作记.行为医学量表手册[M].北京:中华医学电子音像出版社, 2005:213.
    [9] 孙璇, 李静, 王迎, 等.新入职护士焦虑和抑郁状况及影响因素分析[J].预防医学, 2019, 31(2):170.
    [10] GAU SS, SHANG CY, LIU SK, et al.Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham, version Ⅳ scale-parent form[J].Int J Methods Psychiatr Res, 2008, 17(1):35. doi: 10.1002/mpr.237
    [11] 周晋波, 郭兰婷, 陈颖.中文版注意缺陷多动障碍SNAP-Ⅳ评定量表-父母版的信效度[J].中国心理卫生杂志, 2013, 27(6):424.
    [12] WHALEN CK, ODGERS CL, REED PL, et al.Dissecting daily distress in mothers of children with ADHD:an electronic diary study[J].J Fam Psychol, 2011, 25(3):402.
    [13] NORVILITIS JM, SCIME M, LEE JS.Courtesy stigma in mothers of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder:A preliminary investigation[J].J Atten Disord, 2002, 6(2):61. doi: 10.1177/108705470200600202
    [14] MARGARI F, CRAIG F, PETRUZZELLI MG, et al.Parents psychopathology of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder[J].Res Dev Disabil, 2013, 34(3):1036. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.12.001
    [15] 张跃兵, 李荣琴, 王爱芹, 等.注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的生活质量及相关因素分析[J].中国儿童保健杂志, 2016, 24(8):804.
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    [17] GRAZIANO PA, FABIANO G, WILLOUGHBY MT, et al.Callous-Unemotional traits among adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD):Associations with parenting[J].Child Psychiatry Hum Dev, 2017, 48(1):18. doi: 10.1007/s10578-016-0649-0
    [18] 廖林燕, 曾婷, 张玉, 等.发育障碍儿童父母心理健康状况及干预进展[J].中国妇幼卫生杂志, 2018, 9(3):76.
    [19] LEE PC, LIN KC, ROBSON D, et al.Parent-child interaction of mothers with depression and their children with ADHD[J].Res Dev Disabil, 2013, 34(1):656. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.09.009
    [20] 高霞, 童萍, 石元洪, 等.注意缺陷多动障碍儿童情绪、行为问题与父母情绪相关性的研究[J].解放军护理杂志, 2019, 36(1):42.
    [21] 李伟, 张劲松, 帅澜, 等.学龄前注意缺陷多动障碍儿童症状与父母心理健康状况的相关研究[J].中国儿童保健杂志, 2018, 26(10):10.
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A study on the correlation between the symptoms of school-age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and maternal depression and anxiety

    Corresponding author: WANG Jun, 664586331@qq.com
  • 1. Department of Child Healthcare, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Jiangsu 221006
  • 2. Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Jiangsu 221002, China

Abstract: ObjectiveTo analyze the correlation between the symptoms of school-age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) and maternal depression and anxiety.MethodsAccording to the diagnostic criteria of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(DSM-V), 120 school-age children with ADHD and 120 normal school-age children were divided into the case group and control group, respectively.The anxiety and depression in two groups were evaluated and compared by the self-rating depression scale(SDS) and self-rating anxiety scale(SAS).The symptoms and behavior problems of ADHD children were assessed using SNAP-IV.The correlations between children's ADHD symptoms and their mothers' depression and anxiety were analyzed.In combination with the time and duration of the first discovery of symptoms, the correlation between children's ADHD symptoms and maternal depression and anxiety scores were analyzed.ResultsThe standard scores of SDS and SAS of mothers in case group were significantly higher than those in control group(P < 0.01), and the severity of depression and anxiety of mothers in case group were significantly higher than those in control group(P < 0.01).The standard scores of SDS and severity of depression of mothers in preschool age subgroup were higher than those in school-age subgroup(P < 0.01).The SNAP-IV hyperactivity factor score and total score were positively correlated with the standard scores of SAS in preschool age subgroup(P < 0.01 and P < 0.05).There was not significant correlation between the scores of attention deficit factors in ADHD children and standard score of SAS of mothers(P>0.05), and the scores of other factors and total score in ADHD children were positively correlated with the standard scores of SDS and SAS of mothers in school-age subgroup(P < 0.05 to P < 0.01).ConclusionsThe mothers of schoo-age children with ADHD are prone to have depression and anxiety.According to the time of the discovery of symptoms, the symptoms of school-age children with ADHD are correlated with maternal depression and anxiety to varying degrees.

  • 注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD)是一种起病于儿童时期,以与发育水平不相符的注意缺陷、多动和冲动为主要表现的神经发育障碍[1]。学龄期儿童ADHD的患病率为5%~10%[2-3]。目前ADHD强调通过长期、个体化及综合治疗来改善症状,减少共患病,促进患儿社会功能全面恢复[4],而家长培训是ADHD儿童综合治疗中的一个重要环节[5]。作为主要带养人,受儿童ADHD病情症状的影响,母亲会受到更多压力,容易产生负面情绪,从而难以为ADHD儿童提供良好的家庭环境,影响家长培训的效果,不利于改善症状[6-7]。本研究拟通过调查分析学龄期ADHD儿童母亲的抑郁、焦虑状况,及其与ADHD儿童病情、症状之间的相关性,为ADHD个体化及综合治疗提供帮助。现作报道。

1.   资料与方法
  • 选取2018年3月至2019年3月在徐州医科大学附属徐州儿童医院儿童保健科门诊就诊的学龄期ADHD儿童120例作为病例组,均符合美国《精神障碍诊断与统计手册(第5版)》[1]关于ADHD的诊断标准,由主治及以上医师结合病史询问、诊室观察、家长及教师量表筛查和韦氏智力测试、认知检查及医生访谈,综合作出临床诊断。选取同期门诊体检的同年龄段正常儿童,按1:1配比选择120名作为对照组。对照组儿童纳入标准:均经问卷筛查及家长评估访谈,排除患有ADHD、对立违抗障碍、品行障碍、孤独症、精神发育迟滞、癫痫、情感障碍等精神障碍以及其他脑器质性疾病的儿童;韦氏儿童智力量表测验智商≥70。2组均排除并存广泛性发育障碍、情绪障碍或精神分裂症及其他精神障碍者,排除心肺等严重躯体疾病者。其中病例组男97例,女23例,年龄6~13岁;对照组男86名,女34名,年龄6~12岁。2组儿童年龄、性别及其母亲生育年龄、受教育程度等一般资料差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 1),具有可比性。所有家长均签署知情同意书。

    项目 病例组
    (n=120)
    对照组
    (n=120)
    χ2 P
    性别
    97 86 2.78 >0.05
    23 34
    月龄/月 101.48±18.83 98.07±13.51 1.61* >0.05
    母亲生育年龄 26.20±4.16 26.53±4.36 0.60* >0.05
    母亲受教育程度
    高中或中专及以下 71 83 2.61 >0.05
    大专或本科及以上 49 37
    母亲每天陪伴时间/h
    <1 3 8
    1~3 34 29 2.67 >0.05
    >3 83 83
    家庭年收入/万元
    <6 34 42
    6~18 63 59 1.35 >0.05
    >18 23 19
    主要家庭成员关系
    和睦 73 80
    一般 45 39 1.08 >0.05
    紧张 2 1
    *示t
  • 由母亲填写一般调查表、自身抑郁和焦虑量表,病例组还需填写儿童ADHD症状SNAP-IV评定量表,并回顾首次发现核心症状的时间及持续时间。

  • 采用自编一般情况调查表,包括母亲生育时年龄、母亲受教育程度、母亲每天陪伴时间、家庭年收入及主要家庭成员关系等,其中主要家庭成员关系指夫妻、父母子女、兄弟姐妹和婆媳(翁婿)关系。

  • SDS和SAS均由20个条目组成,用于评定受试者的抑郁和焦虑水平。每个条目按照没有或很少时间有、小部分时间有、相当多时间有及绝大部分或全部时间有,采用1~4分4级计分法。其中,SDS有10个条目为反向计分,SAS有5个为反向计分。SAS和SDS的粗分为各条目计分之和,标准分=粗分×1.25。SDS标准分临界值为53分,其中53~62分为轻度抑郁,63~72分为中度抑郁,>73分为重度抑郁。SAS标准分临界值50分,其中50~59分为轻度焦虑,60~69分为中度焦虑,>70分为重度焦虑。SDS、SAS使用简便,能较直观体现求助者的主观感受,信度及效度良好[9]

  • 由ADHD儿童母亲填写,用于评估儿童的ADHD症状。共26个条目,其中1~9项为注意缺陷因子;10~18项为多动冲动因子,19~26项为对立违抗因子,量表均采用0~3分的4级评分,各因子评分越高,说明相应的症状越严重。该量表具有较好的信度与效度[11]

  • 采用t检验、χ2检验、秩和检验和Pearson相关分析及偏相关分析。

2.   结果
  • 病例组儿童母亲SDS和SAS标准分均明显高于对照组儿童母亲(P<0.01),焦虑和抑郁严重程度均高于对照组(P<0.01)(见表 2)。

    分组 SDS/分 SAS/分 抑郁程度 焦虑程度
    病例组 50.58±9.75 43.53±9.36 61 41 18 0 97 16 6 1
    对照组 42.55±9.25 36.15±7.94 102 16 2 0 111 8 1 0
    t 6.55 6.59 5.81* 2.71*
    P < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01
    *示z
  • 病例组母亲回顾首次发现ADHD症状的时间1~10岁,平均(5.59±1.99)岁;症状持续时间8个月至10年,中位时间为2年6个月。根据母亲回顾首次发现ADHD症状的时间,将病例组分为学龄前(<6岁)和学龄期(≥6岁)2个亚组,学龄前亚组儿童母亲SDS标准分及抑郁程度均明显高于学龄期亚组(P < 0.01),2组SAS标准分、焦虑程度及SNAP-Ⅳ得分差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 3)。

    分组 n SDS/分 SAS/分 抑郁程度 焦虑程度 注意缺陷因子/分 多动冲动因子/分 对立违抗/因子/分 SNAP-Ⅳ总分
    学龄前 54 53.22±8.80 45.02±8.37 20 24 10 0 41 11 2 0 2.00±0.50 1.61±0.58 1.35±0.53 4.96±1.17
    学龄期 66 48.44±10.01 42.32±10.00 41 17 8 0 56 5 4 1 2.13±0.51 1.59±0.71 1.34±0.63 5.06±1.39
    t 2.75 1.58 2.53* 1.04* 1.40 1.67 0.09 0.42
    P < 0.01 >0.05 < 0.01 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05
    *示z
  • 控制症状持续时间变量后,对病例组2个亚组分别进行偏相关分析,结果显示, 学龄前亚组多动冲动因子得分及总分与母亲SAS标准分均呈正相关关系(P<0.01和P<0.05);学龄期亚组除注意缺陷因子与SAS标准分无明显相关性外(P>0.05),其余各因子得分及总分与母亲SDS、SAS标准分均呈正相关关系(P<0.05~P<0.01)(见表 4)。

    SNAP-Ⅳ 学龄前 学龄期
    SDS SAS SDS SAS
    注意缺陷 0.166 0.165 0.294* 0.173
    多动冲动 0.225 0.392** 0.342** 0.288*
    对立违抗 0.070 0.133 0.362** 0.317*
    总分 0.208 0.315* 0.447** 0.355**
    *P<0.05,**P<0.01
3.   讨论
  • 家庭环境中,母亲往往承担了大部分的育儿压力,如果子女存在持续性不良行为,往往引发母亲痛苦情绪,并做出负面反应[12]。社会环境中,ADHD儿童的母亲还可能受到其他负面评论,也会对心理健康产生负面影响[13]。本研究中,病例组儿童母亲的SDS、SAS标准分均明显高于对照组,抑郁、焦虑严重程度也明显高于对照组,提示ADHD患儿的母亲更容易出现抑郁和焦虑情况。儿童成长过程中与家庭的关系最为密切,如果家庭中存在行为问题突出的ADHD儿童,家庭成员间更容易产生矛盾和冲突,造成家庭氛围紧张[14-15]。同时,家长的不良情绪也不利于管理和引导子女,从而进一步影响ADHD[16-18]

    本研究发现,超过一半的母亲直到学龄期才发现孩子存在ADHD。学龄前发现子女ADHD症状母亲的抑郁程度要高于学龄期发现者,焦虑程度则无明显差异。其原因可能为母亲发现子女症状的时间越早,悲观情绪的累积越高,抑郁程度也越重[19]

    本研究结果亦显示,ADHD儿童的症状越严重,其母亲越倾向于发生抑郁、焦虑情况,随发现症状时间的不同,儿童症状严重程度与母亲抑郁、焦虑的相关程度也不同。当母亲在孩子学龄前发现症状时,随着多动冲动因子得分及总分越高,其越倾向于发生焦虑情绪。分析原因可能为学龄前的孩子还未进行系统学习,在较小的家庭环境中,家长更多关注的是其多动冲动问题,由此带来的紧张烦躁感,主要体现在与焦虑情绪相关[20]。有报道[21]显示,学龄前儿童的ADHD症状与父母的心理健康状况均存在一定的相关性。而本研究中,学龄前儿童的其他因子与母亲的抑郁、焦虑情绪均无明显相关性,这可能与父母文化水平、收入水平等地区差异有关。而当学龄期发现症状时,除儿童注意缺陷因子与母亲焦虑情绪无明显相关性外,其余各因子及总分越高,患儿母亲越容易出现抑郁、焦虑情绪。分析原因可能是学龄期孩子的学习成绩往往是家长关注的中心问题,由于ADHD儿童多动、注意力不集中及行为冲动等特点,导致学业成绩不佳,学习困难[22]。而ADHD儿童除家庭关系之外,还增加了与学校相关的师生、同学关系等,因此在教育和管理学龄期ADHD儿童的过程中,家长会遇到许多难以克服的困难,承受较大心理压力,家长消极的抑郁情绪与儿童症状的关联性也更强[23]

    综上,ADHD儿童母亲容易出现抑郁、焦虑情绪,根据发现ADHD症状的时间不同,症状严重程度与母亲抑郁、焦虑情绪的相关程度也不同。因此,对于ADHD儿童母亲的心理健康状况也应给予足够的关注。在ADHD儿童的综合治疗中,可以与母亲进行充分沟通,有针对性地提供一定心理疏导,可能有助于ADHD儿童的家庭行为管理,改善亲子关系,缓解相关症状。

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