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Volume 46 Issue 1
Feb.  2021
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Effect of autologous arteriovenous fistula and long-term indwelling of deep venous catheter on the hemodialysis, cardiac function and renal anemia in MHD patients

  • ObjectiveTo study the effects of autologous arteriovenous fistula and long-term indwelling of deep venous catheter on the hemodialysis, cardiac function and renal anemia in maintenance hemodialysis(MHD)patients.MethodsOne hundred and twenty patients with MHD were randomly divided into the observation group and control group(60 cases in each group).The observation group was treated with autologous arteriovenous fistula for MHD, while the control group was treated with long-term indwelling of deep venous catheter.The therapeutic effects, dialysis adequacy, cardiac function, renal function, inflammatory reaction and complications were compared between two groups.ResultsThe total effective rate in observation group(83.33%)was significantly higher than that in control group(66.67%)(P < 0.01), and the hemodialysis adequacy in observation group[(1.68±0.36)g/kg] was significantly higher than that in control group[(1.26±0.21)g/kg](P < 0.01).The differences of the hemoglobin, glomerular filtration rate, left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF), anterior and posterior left atrial diameter(LAD), right ventricular inner diameter(RVD), left ventricular end-diastolic volume(LVEDV), and inflammatory factor levels between two groups before treatment were not statistically significant(P>0.05).After treatment, the hemoglobin and glomerular filtration rate in observation group were significantly higher than those in control group(P < 0.01).Compared with before treatment, the levels of LAD and LVEDV significantly increased, and the LVEF level significantly decreased in two groups after treatment(P < 0.05 to P < 0.01).After treatment, the level of LVEF in observation group was higher than that in control group, while the levels of LAD, RVD and LVEDV in observation group were lower than those in control group (P < 0.01).After treatment, the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in two groups significantly decreased compared with before treatment(P < 0.01), and the above parameters in observation group were significantly lower than those in control group(P < 0.01).The differences of the incidence rates of infection and renal anemia between two groups were not statistically significant(P>0.05), and the cardiovascular events in observation group was significantly lower than that in control group(P < 0.05).ConclusionsCompared with the long-term indwelling of deep venous catheter, the effects of autologous arteriovenous fistula on dialysis in MHD patients is better, wich has less impact on cardiac function, and is worthy of promotion in clinic.
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    [4] 佘康, 张宪生, 尹杰, 等. 自体动静脉内瘘真性动脉瘤的个体化治疗[J]. 中国微创外科杂志, 2018, 12(8): 715. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6604.2018.08.011
    [5] 张炜晨, 张敏敏, 王梦婧, 等. 维持性血液透析患者自体动静脉内瘘血管钙化的研究进展[J]. 中华肾脏病杂志, 2018, 34(5): 391. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-7097.2018.05.013
    [6] 徐元恺, 户培华, 张丽红. 自体动静脉内瘘相关高输出性心衰[J]. 中华医学杂志, 2017, 97(32): 2555. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2017.32.020
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    [8] 中国血液净化. 慢性肾脏病骨代谢及其疾病的临床实践指南——指南9透析液钙离子浓度[J]. 中国血液净化, 2006, 5(9): 689.
    [9] 张金林. 老年血液透析患者自体动静脉内瘘的维护[J]. 中国医刊, 2018, 53(6): 117.
    [10] 吴邯, 宋克义, 程丽, 等. 超纯透析对长期深静脉置管维持性血液透析患者导管相关性感染及情绪与生活质量的影响[J]. 中华医院感染学杂志, 2018, 28(20): 128.
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    [12] HYMES JL, MOONEY A, VAN ZC, et al. Dialysis catheter-related bloodstream infections: a cluster-randomized trial of the ClearGuard HD antimicrobial barrier cap[J]. Am J Kidney Dis, 2017, 69(2): 220. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.09.014
    [13] LI W, LI F, WANG H, et al. Thrombotic complications and tip position of transjugular chronic dialysis catheter scheduled into superior vena cava: Findings on HR-MRCP and HR-T2WI[J]. Medicine, 2017, 96(26): e7135. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000007135
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    [15] 赵颖, 张丽娟, 乔淑芳, 等. 动静脉内瘘对血液透析患者左心功能及血流动力学的影响[J]. 临床肾脏病杂志, 2014, 14(12): 756.
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Effect of autologous arteriovenous fistula and long-term indwelling of deep venous catheter on the hemodialysis, cardiac function and renal anemia in MHD patients

    Corresponding author: WANG Shi-jie, chenyongli851212@126.com
  • 1. Haemodialysis Room, The Third Hospital of Xingtai, Xingtai Hebei 054000
  • 2. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The People's Hospital of Xingtai, Xingtai Hebei 054000, China

Abstract: ObjectiveTo study the effects of autologous arteriovenous fistula and long-term indwelling of deep venous catheter on the hemodialysis, cardiac function and renal anemia in maintenance hemodialysis(MHD)patients.MethodsOne hundred and twenty patients with MHD were randomly divided into the observation group and control group(60 cases in each group).The observation group was treated with autologous arteriovenous fistula for MHD, while the control group was treated with long-term indwelling of deep venous catheter.The therapeutic effects, dialysis adequacy, cardiac function, renal function, inflammatory reaction and complications were compared between two groups.ResultsThe total effective rate in observation group(83.33%)was significantly higher than that in control group(66.67%)(P < 0.01), and the hemodialysis adequacy in observation group[(1.68±0.36)g/kg] was significantly higher than that in control group[(1.26±0.21)g/kg](P < 0.01).The differences of the hemoglobin, glomerular filtration rate, left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF), anterior and posterior left atrial diameter(LAD), right ventricular inner diameter(RVD), left ventricular end-diastolic volume(LVEDV), and inflammatory factor levels between two groups before treatment were not statistically significant(P>0.05).After treatment, the hemoglobin and glomerular filtration rate in observation group were significantly higher than those in control group(P < 0.01).Compared with before treatment, the levels of LAD and LVEDV significantly increased, and the LVEF level significantly decreased in two groups after treatment(P < 0.05 to P < 0.01).After treatment, the level of LVEF in observation group was higher than that in control group, while the levels of LAD, RVD and LVEDV in observation group were lower than those in control group (P < 0.01).After treatment, the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in two groups significantly decreased compared with before treatment(P < 0.01), and the above parameters in observation group were significantly lower than those in control group(P < 0.01).The differences of the incidence rates of infection and renal anemia between two groups were not statistically significant(P>0.05), and the cardiovascular events in observation group was significantly lower than that in control group(P < 0.05).ConclusionsCompared with the long-term indwelling of deep venous catheter, the effects of autologous arteriovenous fistula on dialysis in MHD patients is better, wich has less impact on cardiac function, and is worthy of promotion in clinic.

  • 慢性肾衰竭疾病是多种原因造成的肾脏慢性实质性损伤,造成病人全身多系统累积[1]。研究[2-3]显示,慢性肾衰竭病人不仅体现在病人的炎性指标,更体现在病人全身性指标的异常。目前, 随着血液净化技术不断进步,慢性肾衰竭尤其是终末期肾衰竭病人的治疗已经得到了巨大突破,病人可实现长期生存。但有研究[4]显示,维持性血液透析(MHD)病人的生命质量仍然远低于正常人群,其较高的合并症以及病死率已经成为影响病人生命质量的重要因素。流行病学调查[5]显示,西方国家MHD病人的病死率可高达20%~30%。临床研究[6]认为,MHD病人进行治疗的同时,体内炎性反应水平较高,存在一定的微炎症反应状态。本研究探讨自体动静脉瘘与深静脉导管长期留置对MHD病人透析效果及心功能、肾性贫血的影响,为临床治疗提供科学依据。现作报道。

1.   资料与方法
  • 选取2015年8月至2018年2月我院住院治疗的MHD病人120例为研究对象,其中男59例,女61例,年龄(49.33±2.11)岁,体质量指数(BMI)(24.63±2.31)kg/m2,血清肌酐水平(248.39±51.42)μmol/L,肾小球滤过率(12.14±10.28)mL/min。原发疾病:慢性肾炎69例,高血压肾病36例,多囊肾15例,每周透析(2.75±1.03)次。将病人随机分为观察组和对照组,各60例,2组一般资料差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性(见表 1)。本研究经医院伦理委员会通过。所有病人均知情同意。

    分组 n 原发病灶 年龄/岁 BMI/(kg/m2) 血清肌酐/(μmol/L) 肾小球滤过率/(mL/min) 透析次数
    慢性肾炎 高血压肾病 多囊肾
    观察组 60 29 31 35 17 8 49.11±2.19 24.42±2.33 251.39±50.39 12.26±9.22 2.81±1.01
    对照组 60 30 30 34 19 7 49.55±2.22 24.84±2.36 245.39±51.44 12.02±9.01 2.69±1.15
    t 0.03* 0.19* 1.09 0.98 0.64 0.14 0.61
    P >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05
    *示χ2

    纳入标准:(1)符合慢性肾衰竭诊断标准[7];(2)病人血清肌酐清除率 < 40~60 mL/min;(3)病人血清肌酸酐>177 μmol/L;(4)病人意识清晰,交流正常。排除标准:(1)肝肾功能异常;(2)无法沟通;(3)任何激素治疗;(4)不配合本研究治疗方案病人。

  • 对照组病人采取深静脉导管长期留置治疗,观察组病人采取自体静脉瘘进行MHD。2组病人均采取聚砜膜透析器,血流量设定为180~260 mL/min,采用标准碳酸氢盐作为透析液,透析液的流量设定为500 mL/min,透析时间为每次4 h,每周透析3次。

  • (1) 治疗2周后,对2组病人治疗效果进行评价。评价标准依据《慢性肾脏病骨代谢及其疾病的临床实践指南》[8]:显效,治疗后临床症状明显改善,症状积分>60%,血清肌酐水平降幅>20%;有效,临床症状一定程度改善,症状积分降幅30%~60%,血清肌酐水平降幅10%~20%;稳定,症状积分减少幅度0~30%,血清肌酐水平下降幅度0~10%;无效,临床症状无改善或加重,肌酐水平上升。总有效率=(显效例数+有效例数)/60×100%。(2)采用第二代尿素氮模型公式对2组病人的血液透析充分性(Kt/V)进行评估[9]。Kt/V=-In(R-0.008t)+(4-3.5R)UF/W。其中,R为治疗前后2组病人的尿素氮浓度比值,t为每次透析时间,UF为超滤量,W为透析完成后的体质量。以Kt/V>1.2作为透析充分标准。(3)比较2组病人肾功能。采集病人空腹血液4 mL,3 000 r/min离心20 min后,采用贝克曼库尔特AU5800型全自动生化分析系统对病人进行血肌酐水平检测,采用迈瑞BC-2600型血常规仪进行血红蛋白检测,采用Cockcroft-gault公式计算肾小球滤过率[10]。(4)比较2组病人心功能。分别于治疗前后对所有研究对象进行心脏超声(HPSonos5500)检测,由我院3名超声科医生对检测结果进行测量后取平均值,比较左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心房前后直径(LAD)、右心室内径(RVD)、左心室内径(LVD)、左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)。(5)比较2组病人炎性反应。治疗前后分别采集病人静脉血4 mL,3 000 r/min离心15 min后取上清液,采用酶联免疫吸附法对血清肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL)-6、IL-8进行检测。(6)比较2组病人并发症。对2组病人出现的感染、肾性贫血以及心血管事件进行比较。

  • 采用t(或t′)检验、χ2检验和秩和检验。

2.   结果
  • 观察组病人总有效率为83.33%,明显高于对照组的66.67%(P < 0.01)(见表 2)。观察组病人的Kt/V为(1.68±0.36)g/kg,明显高于对照组的(1.26±0.21)g/kg(t=7.81,P < 0.01)。

    分组 n 显效 有效 稳定 无效 总有效 uc P
    观察组 60 25(41.67) 25(41.67) 5(8.33) 5(8.33) 50(83.33) 3.00 < 0.01
    对照组 60 10(16.67) 30(50.00) 13(21.67) 7(11.67) 40(66.67)
    合计 120 35(29.17) 55(45.83) 18(15.00) 12(10.00) 90(75.00)
  • 2组病人治疗前血红蛋白和肾小球滤过率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,2组病人血红蛋白均较治疗前明显升高(P < 0.01),且观察组明显高于对照组(P < 0.01);观察组病人治疗前后肾小球滤过率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),对照组病人治疗后肾小球滤过率较治疗前明显降低(P < 0.01),且明显低于观察组(P < 0.01)(见表 3)。

    分组 血红蛋白/(g/L) 肾小球滤过率/(mL/min)
    治疗前 治疗后 治疗前 治疗后
    观察组 88.66±20.12 123.42±27.88## 32.74±20.89 29.78±11.21
    对照组 87.43±20.14 104.15±19.87## 33.94±20.32 24.37±10.65##
    t 0.33 4.36* 0.32 2.71
    P >0.05 < 0.01 >0.05 < 0.01
    *示t′值;组内配对t检验:##P < 0.01
  • 治疗前,2组病人的心功能指标LAD、RVD、LVEDV、LVEF差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,2组病人LVEDV、LAD均较治疗前明显提高(P < 0.05~P < 0.01),LVEF均明显下降(P < 0.01),且观察组LVEF明显高于对照组(P < 0.01),LAD、RVD、LVEDV均明显低于对照组(P < 0.01)(见表 4)。

    分组 LAD/mm RVD/mm LVEDV/mm LVEF/%
    治疗前 治疗后 治疗前 治疗后 治疗前 治疗后 治疗前 治疗后
    观察组 37.11±1.29 40.11±0.52# 17.32±1.33 18.11±0.44 116.03±10.32 120.51±9.33# 58.07±2.03 57.12±1.03##
    对照组 37.16±1.33 44.15±0.19## 17.49±1.29 19.15±0.52 117.24±10.34 137.69±9.57## 58.24±2.71 55.69±1.09##
    t 0.21 56.53* 0.71 11.83 0.64 9.96 0.39 7.39
    P >0.05 <0.01 >0.05 <0.01 >0.05 <0.01 >0.05 <0.01
    *示t′值;组内配对t检验:#P < 0.05,##P < 0.01
  • 治疗前,2组病人TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8水平差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,2组TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8水平均较治疗前明显降低(P < 0.01),且观察组病人均明显低于对照组(P < 0.01)(见表 5)。

    分组 TNF-α IL-6 IL-8
    治疗前 治疗后 治疗前 治疗后 治疗前 治疗后
    观察组 3.39±0.21 2.11±0.46## 42.21±11.21 15.85±7.81## 99.07±22.35 11.67±9.55##
    对照组 3.49±0.22 4.15±0.446## 41.42±12.43 30.89±7.79## 99.24±19.33 37.69±9.57##
    t 2.55 24.82 0.37 10.56 0.04 9.917
    P < 0.05 < 0.01 >0.05 < 0.01 >0.05 < 0.01
    组内配对t检验:##P < 0.01
  • 2组病人感染和肾性贫血发生差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组病人发生心血管事件低于对照组(P < 0.05)(见表 6)。

    分组 n 感染 肾性贫血 心血管事件
    观察组 60 0 1 1
    对照组 60 5 7 8
    χ2 3.34* 3.35* 4.32*
    P >0.05 >0.05 < 0.05
    *示矫正χ2
3.   讨论
  • 衰竭性肾脏疾病的终末阶段均要进行透析治疗,在透析治疗的过程中,有多种血管通路进行选择[11]。但是在MHD治疗过程中,由于多次需要对病人的血管进行穿刺以及与透析仪器进行对接,在此过程中不可避免地造成病人一定的炎性反应。同时,较为频繁地血液透析也会对病人的心功能产生一定的影响。所以在临床工作中及时合理地选择血管通路进行后期治疗,对于病人的预后具有积极的影响[12]

    本研究中主要对自体动静脉瘘以及深静脉导管的长期留置进行比较分析显示,观察组病人的治疗效果优于对照组,而对病人的心功能指标分析显示,治疗后观察组病人相应指标均优于对照组,提示该方法对于病人的预后具有积极的影响。其可能原因为在对病人进行MHD治疗过程中,心功能不全是影响病人治疗效果以及生存条件的重要因素之一[13]。有研究[14]报道,透析液的质量、透析时间以及血液钙磷水平都可能导致病人血管电解质以及酸碱度的快速变化,随着病人电解质以及酸碱度的变化导致转移性钙化,最终形成心肌软组织的钙化,影响病人的射血分数,对于病人的预后具有消极的影响。本研究中通过对病人的心功能分析显示,在对病人深静脉导管的长期留置过程中,由于深静脉导管不是病人的自体成分,对于血管内皮功能影响较大,进一步影响病人的心功能。赵颖等[15]研究显示,自体静脉瘘维持性血管透析病人的治疗中,病人的心功能以及血流动力学影响较小,与本研究结果相符。

    对病人进行MHD治疗的过程中不同的并发症对于病人预后的影响机制尚不明确。有研究[16]指出,其并发症的产生可能与病人体内的微炎症反应相关,而此种微炎症反应并非由于病人的致病微生物造成,在透析过程中,由于各种微生物以及化学物质的刺激作用导致病人的促炎性因子水平持续性、低剂量释放,而此种炎性反应的越严重,病人的损伤越大。本研究中,治疗后观察组病人的炎性指标明显低于对照组。研究[17]显示,随着炎性反应的降低,病人肾小球毛细血管的内皮细胞损伤程度降低,肾小球滤过率显著升高,对于病人新陈代谢以及有害物质的排出具有积极的意义。本研究结果显示,观察组病人的肾功能亦明显优于对照组,在一定程度上印证了以上理论。

    此外,对病人的透析充分性分析显示,观察组病人的透析充分性高于对照组。由于自体动静脉瘘的透析过程中使用的是自体成分,相容性较高,病人的透析充分性较高。对病人的并发症情况分析显示,观察组病人心血管事件发生率低于对照组,提示自体静脉瘘维持性透析治疗的安全性较高。

    综上,相较于深静脉导管长期留置,自体动静脉瘘对MHD病人透析效果更好,对病人心功能影响较小,肾性贫血发生率较低,值得临床推广。

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