• 中国科技论文统计源期刊
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Volume 46 Issue 1
Feb.  2021
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Dietary investigation and analysis of the diabetic kidney disease and chronic kidney disease patients complicated with diabetes mellitus

  • ObjectiveTo investigate the dietary intake in patients with diabetic kidney disease(DKD)and patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD)complicated with diabetes, and provide the direction for further nutritional therapy.MethodsThe dietary survey was implemented using 3-day 24 h dietary review method.The nutrient intake in 93 patients with DKD and CKD complicated with diabetes were calculated using food composition table, and which was compared with China health industry standard(WS/T 557-2017) recommended dietary requirements for CKD patients.ResultsThe actual protein intake in the population was lower than that of recommended amount(P < 0.01).The proportion of high-quality protein intake was significantly higher than that of the recommended value(P < 0.01), and the difference between energy intake and recommended amount was not statistically significant(P>0.05).There was no statistical significance in the nutritional intake of patients with different genders(P>0.05), the difference of the proportion of high-quality protein intake among patients with different CKD stages were statistically significant(P < 0.05), and the difference of protein intake between dialysis and non-dialysis patients was statistically significant(P < 0.05).The protein intake in patients with different genders, CKD stages and dialysis status were significantly lower than those of recommended value(P < 0.01).The proportion of high-quality protein intake in patients with different genders, dialysis status and CKD stage 4 and 5 were significantly higher than that of recommended value(P < 0.01), and the difference between the proportion of high-quality protein intake and recommended value in patients with CKD stage 3 was not statistically significant(P>0.05).ConclusionsThe protein intake of(DKD patients and CKD patients complicated with diabetes are lower than that of recommended amount of the guideline.There are differences in protein intake among patients with different CKD stages and with or without dialysis.The nutrition education should be strengthened and individualized dietary guidance in combination with disease stage and treatment status.
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  • [1] WANG L, GAO P, ZHANG M, et al. Prevalence and ethnic pattern of diabetes and prediabetes in China in 2013[J]. JAMA, 2017, 317(24): 2515. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.7596
    [2] BOER D, IAN H. Temporal trends in the prevalence of diabetic kidney disease in the United States[J]. JAMA, 2011, 305(24): 2532. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.861
    [3] 中华医学会糖尿病学分会. 中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2013年版)[J]. 中国糖尿病杂志, 2014, 30(8): 893.
    [4] YOUNG P, LOMBI F, FINN BC, et al. Malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome in chronic hemodialysis[J]. Medicina, 2011, 71(1): 66.
    [5] PUPIM LB, HEIMBVRGER O, QURESHI AR, et al. Accelerated lean body mass loss in incident chronic dialysis patients with diabetes mellitus[J]. Kidney Int, 2005, 68(5): 2368. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00699.x
    [6] NELSON RG, TUTTLE KR. The New KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines and Clinical Practice Recommendations for Diabetes and CKD[J]. Blood Purif, 2007, 25(1): 112. doi: 10.1159/000096407
    [7] PEPPA M, RAPTIS S. Advanced glycation end products and cardiovascular disease[J]. Curr Diabetes Rev, 2008, 4(2): 92. doi: 10.2174/157339908784220732
    [8] 杨艳, 丁发贤, 马潇, 等. 对慢性肾脏病患者个体化目标营养管理的调查分析[J]. 河北医科大学学报, 2017, 38(5): 525. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2017.05.007
    [9] 中华人民共和国卫生行业标准. WS/T 557-2017, 慢性肾脏病患者膳食指导[S].
    [10] MOGENSEN CE. Microalbuminuria, blood pressure and diabetic renal disease: Origin and development of ideas[J]. Diabetologia, 1999, 42(3): 263. doi: 10.1007/s001250051151
    [11] 中华医学会糖尿病学分会微血管并发症学组. 糖尿病肾病防治专家共识(2014年版)[J]. 中华糖尿病杂志, 2014, 6(11): 792. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-5809.2014.11.004
    [12] 张蜜蜜, 赵艳, 朱英莉. 个体化低蛋白饮食干预对慢性肾脏病患者肾功能的影响[J]. 中国医学科学院学报, 2015, 37(4): 384. doi: 10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.2015.04.003
    [13] 闫冰娟. 低蛋白饮食对慢性肾脏病进展的影响——系统回顾及荟萃分析[D]. 太原: 山西医科大学, 2017.
    [14] 周宏伟, 江红. 慢性肾病患者低蛋白饮食认知及行为调查与分析[J]. 武警医学, 2016, 27(8): 859. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-3594.2016.08.036
    [15] EVERT AB, DENNISON M, GARDNER CD, et al. Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: A consensus report[J]. Diabetes Care, 2019, 42(5): 731. doi: 10.2337/dci19-0014
    [16] 郭亚玲. 糖尿病肾病患者营养不良的研究进展[J]. 国际泌尿系统杂志, 2012, 32(4): 545. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4416.2012.04.034
    [17] 张光华, 云朝霞. 糖尿病肾病血液透析患者营养状况分析[J]. 临床医学, 2012, 32(5): 24.
    [18] 景小凡, 柳园, 饶志勇, 等. 构建"H2H"营养管理模式——以肿瘤患者为例[J]. 现代预防医学, 2016, 43(2): 57.
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Dietary investigation and analysis of the diabetic kidney disease and chronic kidney disease patients complicated with diabetes mellitus

    Corresponding author: HU Wen, wendy_nutrition@163.com
  • 1. West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan 610041
  • 2. Department of Clinical Nutrition, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan 610041
  • 3. School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou Sichuan 646000, China
  • 4. Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan 610041

Abstract: ObjectiveTo investigate the dietary intake in patients with diabetic kidney disease(DKD)and patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD)complicated with diabetes, and provide the direction for further nutritional therapy.MethodsThe dietary survey was implemented using 3-day 24 h dietary review method.The nutrient intake in 93 patients with DKD and CKD complicated with diabetes were calculated using food composition table, and which was compared with China health industry standard(WS/T 557-2017) recommended dietary requirements for CKD patients.ResultsThe actual protein intake in the population was lower than that of recommended amount(P < 0.01).The proportion of high-quality protein intake was significantly higher than that of the recommended value(P < 0.01), and the difference between energy intake and recommended amount was not statistically significant(P>0.05).There was no statistical significance in the nutritional intake of patients with different genders(P>0.05), the difference of the proportion of high-quality protein intake among patients with different CKD stages were statistically significant(P < 0.05), and the difference of protein intake between dialysis and non-dialysis patients was statistically significant(P < 0.05).The protein intake in patients with different genders, CKD stages and dialysis status were significantly lower than those of recommended value(P < 0.01).The proportion of high-quality protein intake in patients with different genders, dialysis status and CKD stage 4 and 5 were significantly higher than that of recommended value(P < 0.01), and the difference between the proportion of high-quality protein intake and recommended value in patients with CKD stage 3 was not statistically significant(P>0.05).ConclusionsThe protein intake of(DKD patients and CKD patients complicated with diabetes are lower than that of recommended amount of the guideline.There are differences in protein intake among patients with different CKD stages and with or without dialysis.The nutrition education should be strengthened and individualized dietary guidance in combination with disease stage and treatment status.

  • 我国当前糖尿病患病率高达10.9%[1],且糖尿病病人中有20%~40%发生糖尿病肾病(diabetic kidney disease, DKD)[2]。DKD不仅是糖尿病最严重的慢性并发症之一,也是糖尿病病人肾功能衰竭的主要原因[3]。有研究显示,慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease, CKD)病人营养不良率高达18%~75%[4],同时,DKD病人较非糖尿病导致的CKD病人更易发生营养不良[5]。DKD是导致各种终末期肾脏疾病的主要原因[2, 6],除必要的药物治疗外,良好的膳食管理不仅有利于病人相关指标的控制,还有助于延缓肾脏功能恶化,是治疗中不可或缺的措施[7]

    目前,国内外各临床指南和共识均强调改变生活方式对DKD病人的重要性,而我国当前病人的管理模式整体上更加重视药物治疗,对病人生活行为干预的重视程度不足。由于现阶段我国临床营养技术人员储备不足,相对缺乏较权威且规范的营养管理宣教,病人对膳食知识的知晓率低、治疗依从性差,不利于控制疾病的发展[8]。因此,本研究通过调查DKD及CKD合并糖尿病住院病人的膳食摄入情况,了解不同性别、疾病阶段、治疗状态病人的营养素实际摄入量是否能达到推荐摄入量,以期有针对性地提供个体化营养治疗方案。现作报道。

1.   对象与方法
  • 选取2018年8月至2019年3月在四川大学华西医院肾内科住院且接受临床营养科会诊的DKD及CKD合并糖尿病病人共93例为研究对象,均为轻体力活动者。其中男54例,女39例;年龄25~87岁, < 65岁52例,≥65岁41例;疾病阶段:CKD 3期13例,CKD 4期15例,CKD 5期65例;透析病人46例,非透析病人47例。纳入标准:(1)符合中华医学会糖尿病分会的DKD诊断标准,或符合美国全国肾脏病基金会肾脏病预后质量倡议(NKF-KDOQI)诊断标准,确诊为CKD合并糖尿病病人;(2)CKD分期3期及以上;(3)年龄≥18岁;(4)同意接受临床营养科会诊并接受膳食调查的病人。排除标准:(1)妊娠或哺乳期妇女;(2)伴有严重并发症或合并恶性肿瘤者;(3)膳食记录不符合要求者;(4)正在进行营养治疗者(例如肠内营养或者肠外营养);(5)意识不清、拒绝合作者;(6)自主性或非自主性禁食(入院1~3 d内任何时候);(7)发生严重不良事件者,由研究者判断应停止临床研究者。

  • 由统一培训的调查员采用3 d 24 h膳食回顾法,并利用食物模型为参照物,通过面对面询问方式调查病人食物消费数据,根据《2018中国食物成分表标准版》计算食物营养成分含量。病人的推荐需要量按照我国卫生行业标准(WS/T 557-2017)CKD病人膳食指导[9]要求计算,由于需要结合个人情况及临床需求,因此每位病人的推荐量不统一,不宜平均化,遂通过计算实际能量及蛋白质摄入量与推荐需要量比值的方式,评价病人实际摄入量是否满足个体的推荐量。通过医院住院系统采集人口学资料,根据病人性别、疾病阶段、治疗状态分组,分析病人的营养摄入情况。

  • 采用t检验、方差分析和q检验。

2.   结果
  • 病人的能量摄入与推荐值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),蛋白质摄入量明显低于推荐量(P < 0.01),优质蛋白质摄入比例明显高于推荐值(P < 0.01)(见表 1)。

    项目 均值 推荐值 t P
    能量摄入与推荐量比值 1.11±0.64 1.00 1.65 >0.05
    蛋白质摄入与推荐量比值 0.53±0.22 1.00 20.60 < 0.01
    优质蛋白质/蛋白摄入 0.65±0.20 0.50 7.23 < 0.01
  • 不同性别病人的能量摄入、蛋白质摄入和优质蛋白质摄入比例差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同CKD分期病人能量摄入和蛋白质摄入差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),优质蛋白质摄入比例间差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);透析与非透析病人的能量摄入和优质蛋白质摄入比例差异均无统计学意义,蛋白质摄入差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)(见表 2)。

    项目 n 能量摄入
    与推荐量比值
    推荐值 t P 蛋白质摄入
    与推荐量比值
    推荐值 t P 优质蛋白质/
    蛋白摄入
    推荐值 t P
    性别
      男 54 1.12±0.66 1.00 1.34 >0.05 0.55±0.24 1.00 13.78 < 0.01 0.67±0.17 0.50 7.35 < 0.01
      女 39 1.10±0.62 1.00 1.03 >0.05 0.50±0.19 1.00 16.43 < 0.01 0.63±0.24 0.50 3.38 < 0.01
      t 0.15 1.08 0.94
      P >0.05 >0.05 >0.05
    疾病分期/期
      CKD3 13 0.96±0.14 1.00 1.03 >0.05 0.58±0.23 1.00 6.58 < 0.01 0.53±0.23 0.50 0.47 >0.05
      CKD4 15 1.13±0.34 1.00 1.48 >0.05 0.49±0.19 1.00 10.40 < 0.01 0.70±0.14* 0.50 5.53 < 0.01
      CKD5 65 1.14±0.75 1.00 1.51 >0.05 0.53±0.23 1.00 16.48 < 0.01 0.67±0.20* 0.50 6.85 < 0.01
      F 0.42 0.56 3.22
      P >0.05 >0.05 < 0.05
      MS组内 0.421 0.050 0.039
    是否透析
      否 46 1.11±0.71 1.00 1.05 >0.05 0.47±0.20 1.00 17.97 < 0.01 0.67±0.22 0.50 5.24 < 0.01
      是 47 1.12±0.57 1.00 1.44 >0.05 0.58±0.23 1.00 12.52 < 0.01 0.64±0.19 0.50 5.05 < 0.01
      t 0.08 2.46 0.70
      P >0.05 < 0.05 >0.05
    q检验:与CKD3期比较*P < 0.05
  • 不同性别、CKD分期和是否透析病人的能量摄入与推荐量差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),蛋白质摄入均明显低于推荐量(P < 0.01);不同性别、是否透析和CKD 4、5期病人的优质蛋白摄入比例均明显高于推荐值(P < 0.01),CKD 3期病人的优质蛋白摄入比例与推荐值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 2)。

3.   讨论
  • 临床DKD分期的依据是病理分型[10],同时糖尿病病人常合并高血压(34.2%)[3],实际临床工作中极少为了确定分型及病因而通过有创操作确定CKD的病因是糖尿病亦或是高血压,因此,本研究将已确诊的DKD病人以及CKD合并糖尿病病人同时纳入为研究对象,且不再对纳入DKD病人进行分期。尽管2型糖尿病病人的DKD可参考Mogensen分期[11],但是肾功能改变是DKD的重要表现,反映肾功能的主要指标是肾小球滤过率,因此本研究采用我国卫生行业标准(WS/T 557-2017)中CKD病人膳食指导推荐的需要量。本研究采用3 d 24 h膳食回顾法,可在不改变病人饮食习惯的情况下快速得到病人的营养素摄入情况,最大程度反映病人日常膳食模式,但是可能存在一定的回忆偏倚。

    在保证能量条件下给予病人低蛋白饮食可以降低CKD病人肾功能下降速率以及肾衰竭风险[12],但这些积极性作用在非DKD病人中更为显著[13]。有研究[14]显示,约20%病人对低蛋白膳食概念不清楚,仅6%的病人能正确理解低蛋白膳食的含义,DKD及CKD3期病人应该进行优质低蛋白膳食,其中优质蛋白质应占50%以上。但也有学者[15]认为目前证据不足以支撑DKD病人需要限制蛋白质摄入低于正常水平,且其可能引起营养不良,该领域仍有待研究。本研究结果显示,病人的实际能量摄入与推荐量摄入间差异无统计学意义,且不同性别、CKD分期及是否透析病人间差异均无统计学意义,而病人的蛋白质摄入明显低于指南推荐量。本研究以0.5作为优质蛋白质占总蛋白摄入比例的参照值,结果显示,病人的优质蛋白质摄入比例明显高于推荐值。考虑可能是由于病人整体进食量不足,但可以进食牛奶、蛋羹等流质、半流质饮食,因此相对提高了优质蛋白比例。分组比较显示,不同CKD分期病人的优质蛋白质摄入比例间存在差异,透析与非透析病人的蛋白质摄入差异有统计学意义。提示不同CKD分期病人和是否透析病人的蛋白质摄入情况存在差异,应结合疾病阶段及治疗状态给予病人个体化膳食指导。导致DKD病人营养不良的因素很多[16-17]。有研究[16]显示,合理的营养治疗(包括膳食教育)能够改善机体营养状况和代谢紊乱,减少并发症,提高生存率,使病人长期获益。膳食处方的制定及执行程度是影响病人营养状况的重要因素,根据我国的卫生行业标准,CKD病人膳食处方应根据病人身高、体质量、活动强度、CKD分期等情况进行个体化制定,同时DKD病人营养不良发生率较高,直接影响病人的生活质量和生存率[16]。本研究中,研究对象的膳食摄入不合理主要表现为蛋白质摄入不足,提示该类病人缺乏正确的营养知识,急需接受个体化的医学营养治疗,纠正错误观念,避免误区。强化宣教中能量计算、优质蛋白质等概念,对于无法自己进行量化的病人,应通过家庭的营养管理模式[18],把营养治疗从医院扩展到出院/院外,将单一的治疗方式丰富为多形式的治疗方案,提高病人依从性,最终达到延缓疾病进展的目的。

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