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Volume 46 Issue 4
Jun.  2021
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Risk factors analysis and preventive measures of neonatal nosocomial infection

  • Received Date: 2020-01-03
    Accepted Date: 2020-05-23
  • ObjectiveTo analyze the characteristics and related risk factors of nosocomial infection in the neonatal ward of a hospital, and formulate effective preventive and control measures.MethodsUsing the active monitoring method, the clinical data of 1 858 children hospitalized from January to June 2020 were subjectively monitored, and the monitoring results were statistically analyzed to put forward to corresponding preventive measures of nosocomial infection.ResultsAmong 1 858 neonatal cases, the nosocomial infection in 24 cases(27 times) was found, and the incidence rates of nosocomial infection case and time were 1.29% and 1.45%, respectively.The respiratory tract infection was the main infection(accounting for 44.44%), followed by blood infection(accounting for 37.04%).A total of 19 strains of pathogenic bacteria were detected in 27 times of nosocomial infection, mainly included Acinetobacter baumannii(7 strains, 36.84%), followed by Escherichia coli(4 strains, 21.05%).There was no statistical significance in the incidence rate of nosocomial infection among different gender children(P>0.05).The nosocomial infection rate in neonatal endotracheal intubation group was higher than that in non-endotracheal intubation group(P < 0.01).With the increasing of birth mass, the nosocomial infection rate decreased(P < 0.01).ConclusionsThe low-weight infants and endotracheal intubation are the high risk factors of neonatal nosocomial infection.Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the management of neonatal ward, strictly operate aseptic technique, grasp the indication of catheterization and take preventive measures for its risk factors to reduce the incidence of nosocomial infection.
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  • [1] 杨生文. 新生儿重症监护室医院感染原因分析与护理对策[J]. 世界最新医学信息文摘, 2019, 19(80): 338.
    [2] 张仁燕. 极低出生体质量儿医院感染现状及危险因素分析[J]. 蚌埠医学院学报, 2019, 44(3): 359.
    [3] TAMURA K, KAWASUJ H, TACHI S, et al. Congenital tuberculosis in an extremely preterm infant and prevention of nosocomial infection[J]. J Infect Chemother, 2019, 25(9): 727. doi: 10.1016/j.jiac.2019.03.003
    [4] 中华人民共和国卫生部. 医院感染诊断标准(试行)[S]. 北京, 2001: 10.
    [5] 宗亚玲, 丁洁, 程龙慧. 新生儿医院感染目标性监测[J]. 中国感染控制杂志, 2018, 17(11): 998. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-9638.2018.11.011
    [6] 余红, 刘银梅, 杨惠英. 新生儿重症监护病房医院感染危险因素[J]. 中国感染控制杂志2017, 16(3): 233. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-9638.2017.03.011
    [7] 林艳琼. 新生儿肺炎病因分析及护理体会[J]. 世界最新医学信息文摘, 2017, 11(60): 203.
    [8] 刘巍巍, 焦颖, 张巍, 等. 重症监护室新生儿鲍曼不动杆菌侵袭性感染临床特征及药敏分析[J]. 中国临床医生杂志, 2019, 47(8): 975. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-8552.2019.08.032
    [9] MERELLO M, LOTTE L, GONFRIER S, et al. Enterobacteria vaginal colonization among patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes from 24 to 34 weeks of gestation and neonatal infection risk[J]. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod, 2019, 48(3): 187. doi: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2018.12.007
    [10] YU JJ. Risk factors for fungal infection in extremely low birth weight infants registered in the korean neonatal network from 2013 to 2015: male sex and hypotension[J]. Pediatr Int, 2019, 62(4): 477.
    [11] KOLLMANN TR, KAMPMANN B, MAZMANIAN SK, et al. Protecting the newborn and young infant from infectious diseases: lessons from immune ontogeny[J]. Immunity, 2017, 46(3): 350. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.03.009
    [12] 张德双, 谢东可, 何娜, 等. 极早产儿医医院感染的病原分布及其危险因素和结局分析[J]. 中国当代儿科杂志, 2017, 19(8): 866.
    [13] NAIR S, LEWIS LE, GODINHO MA, et al. Factors associated with neonatal pneumonia in India: protocol for a systematic review and planned meta-analysis[J]. BMJ Open, 2018, 8(1): e018790. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018790
    [14] 杨维秀, 郑平, 秦华, 等. 手卫生综合干预对儿科医院感染发病率的影响[J]. 中国感染控制杂志2017, 16(4): 297.
    [15] BUXTON H, FLYNN E, OLUYINKA O, et al. Hygiene during childbirth: an observational study to understand infection risk in healthcare facilities in kogi and ebonyi states, nigeria[J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2019, 16(7): 1301. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16071301
    [16] DE JESÚS VARGAS-LARES J, ANDRADE-AGUILERA AR, DÍAZ-PEŇA R, et al. Risk factors associated with bacterial growth in derivative systems from cerebrospinal liquid in pediatric patients[J]. Gac Med Mex, 2015, 151(6): 749.
    [17] SCHEEL M, PERKINS S. Hit or miss a review of early-onset sepsis in the neonate[J]. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am, 2018, 30(3): 353. doi: 10.1016/j.cnc.2018.05.003
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Risk factors analysis and preventive measures of neonatal nosocomial infection

  • Department of Infection Management Division, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei Anhui 230051, China

Abstract: ObjectiveTo analyze the characteristics and related risk factors of nosocomial infection in the neonatal ward of a hospital, and formulate effective preventive and control measures.MethodsUsing the active monitoring method, the clinical data of 1 858 children hospitalized from January to June 2020 were subjectively monitored, and the monitoring results were statistically analyzed to put forward to corresponding preventive measures of nosocomial infection.ResultsAmong 1 858 neonatal cases, the nosocomial infection in 24 cases(27 times) was found, and the incidence rates of nosocomial infection case and time were 1.29% and 1.45%, respectively.The respiratory tract infection was the main infection(accounting for 44.44%), followed by blood infection(accounting for 37.04%).A total of 19 strains of pathogenic bacteria were detected in 27 times of nosocomial infection, mainly included Acinetobacter baumannii(7 strains, 36.84%), followed by Escherichia coli(4 strains, 21.05%).There was no statistical significance in the incidence rate of nosocomial infection among different gender children(P>0.05).The nosocomial infection rate in neonatal endotracheal intubation group was higher than that in non-endotracheal intubation group(P < 0.01).With the increasing of birth mass, the nosocomial infection rate decreased(P < 0.01).ConclusionsThe low-weight infants and endotracheal intubation are the high risk factors of neonatal nosocomial infection.Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the management of neonatal ward, strictly operate aseptic technique, grasp the indication of catheterization and take preventive measures for its risk factors to reduce the incidence of nosocomial infection.

  • 新生儿特异性和非特异性免疫功能均极为低下,其机体的各系统器官未发育成熟,更容易遭受病原微生物的入侵,已成为医院感染的高发群体[1-3];一旦发生医院感染,影响患儿健康,加重患儿家庭负担。为了有效预防新生儿医院感染,本研究对我院新生儿科2020年1-6月1 858例新生儿的临床资料进行了总结分析,探讨新生儿医院感染的危险因素,并提出相应的预防对策, 现作报道。

1.   资料与方法
  • 采用主动监测方法,对入住新生儿病房的1 858例患儿资料进行目标性监测。其中男1 104例,女754例;体质量≤1 000 g 3例,1 001~1 500 g 45例, 1 501~2 500 g 264例,>2 500 g 1 546例。医院感染病例诊断标准依照卫生部2001年颁布的《医院感染诊断标准(试行)》[4]进行诊断。

  • 根据《医院感染监测规范》(WS/T312-2009)中新生儿病房医院感染监测要求, 制定新生儿科目标性监测表和新生儿病房日志表,医院感染管理科专职人员通过医院HIS系统每日查阅新生儿科电子病历,查看病程记录、医嘱单、体温单和检查结果,填写新生儿科目标性监测表,主要包括新生儿的性别、胎龄、出生体质量、分娩方式、出生APGAR评分、机械通气时间等。

  • 采用χ2检验。

2.   结果
  • 1 858例新生儿中发生医院感染24例, 27例次,医院感染发病率为1.29%, 例次感染发病率1.45%。医院感染部位为呼吸道感染12例次,占44.44%;血液感染10例次,占37.04%;胃肠道4例次,占14.81%;口腔感染1例次,占3.70%。

  • 27例次医院感染病例共检出病原菌19株,主要为鲍曼不动杆菌7株,占36.84%,大肠埃希菌4株,占21.05%,其次真菌3株,占15.79%(见表 1)。

    病原菌 n 构成比/%
    鲍曼不动杆菌 7 36.84
    大肠埃希菌 4 21.05
    真菌 3 15.79
    轮状病毒 1 5.26
    肺炎克雷伯菌 1 5.26
    表皮葡萄球菌 1 5.26
    浅黄金色单胞菌 1 5.26
    恶臭假单胞菌 1 5.26
    合计 19 100.00
  • 1 858例患儿中,男1 104例,女754例。行气管插管129例,发生医院感染9例,感染发病率为6.98%;未插管者1 729例,发生医院感染15例,感染发病率为0.87%。不同性别新生儿医院感染发病率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。行气管插管患儿发生医院感染率高于无气管插管者(P<0.01),随着出生体质量增加,医院感染率降低(P<0.01)(见表 2)。

    影响因素 n 医院感染 χ2 P
    性别
      男
      女
    1 104
    754
    14(1.27)
    10(1.33)
    0.01 >0.05
    气管插管
      是
      否
    129
    1 729
    9(6.98)
    15(0.87)
    35.14 <0.01
    出生体质量/g
      ≤1 000 3 3(100.00) 70.94 <0.01
      1 001~1 500 45 5(11.11)
      1 501~2 500 264 11(4.17)
      >2 500 1 546 5(0.32)
3.   讨论
  • 本次调查结果显示新生儿病房医院感染发病率为1.29%, 例次感染发病率1.45%,主要发生部位是在呼吸道(44.44%),其次是血液(37.04%), 与国内相关报道[5-6]结果相近。新生儿医院感染发病率较高,与新生儿呼吸道黏膜中sIgA水平较低,呼吸中枢、呼吸器官均未完全发育成熟[7]和新生儿皮肤娇嫩,侵袭性操作有关。

    从调查医院感染病原菌分布结果情况显示,病原菌主要是鲍曼不动杆菌。鲍曼不动杆菌广泛存在于机体抵抗能力低、重症、长期使用广谱抗生素患儿中。由于进行机械性通气、吸痰等侵袭性操作时,造成气道黏膜损伤,口咽部细菌通过插管进入了下呼吸道,长期使用广谱抗菌药物,杀灭了敏感菌株,耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌仍然存活在体内,因而容易引起鲍曼不动杆菌感染[8]。而新生儿是一个特殊群体,皮肤不能提供有效屏障抵御病原微生物,在实施侵入性操作时,更容易发生感染。

    侵袭性操作、早产儿、低体质量儿等是医院感染的高危因素[9-10]。从本次监测结果也显示气管插管、低体质量儿不同组的医院感染率比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),新生儿血浆中IgG水平低,机体免疫功能低,尤其是早产儿、极低体质量儿各系统均未发育成熟,不能适应外界环境,病原体更容易侵袭,所以容易发生医院感染[11-12]。侵袭性操作在新生儿中应用较多,如气管插管、呼吸机使用、血流置管等均会破坏新生儿正常皮肤黏膜,新生儿各脏器尚未发育成熟,在进行一些侵袭性操作时会增加医院感染风险[13]。为有效地控制新生儿医院感染发生,本研究针对上述危险因素提出积极有效的预防措施:(1)加强病房环境的清洁和消毒,保持病房的空气清新,加强患儿使用过的监护仪、蓝光箱,辐射台和暖箱等仪器设备的清洁消毒。出现多重耐药菌患儿,及时采取消毒隔离措施。(2)严格执行手卫生制度,曾有报道医务人员手是主要传染源,经过医务人员手传播细菌而造成的医院感染约占30%,病原菌检出率达80%[14],是医院感染最常见的传播方式,因此我们按规范流程洗手,提高手卫生依从性是减少医院感染最经济、最有效的方法[15]。严格落实洗手或手消毒指征,每一张患儿床旁配备速干手消毒液, 以方便医护人员使用。(3)严格遵守无菌技术操作原则,保证一次性物品一人一用一丢弃。每天用温水擦洗患儿全身,做好皮肤、脐部、口腔、眼的特殊护理,动作轻柔,避免损伤皮肤及黏膜,减少感染的风险[16]。(4)减少侵袭性操作,医务人员严格掌握新生儿侵袭性操作指征,置管时动作轻柔,避免损伤黏膜。吸痰后要加强翻身拍背,在气管插管前尽量吸出口腔的痰液,保持呼吸道的通畅,防止分泌物被吸入呼吸道,增加呼吸道感染的机会。每天评估留置导管的必要性,尽量减少置管的时间,置管期间,做好各个导管的维护,严格遵守无菌操作原则,减少感染的机会。(5)合理使用抗生素[17],根据患儿病原学和药敏结果合理用药,避免长期广谱抗生素的应用而发生二重感染和菌群失调。(6)提高新生儿的免疫力,尽早母乳喂养,增强新生儿营养,保持患儿体质量在正常范围内,加强孕期母亲的营养指导和孕产知识的宣教。

    本次调查结果显示,新生儿是医院感染的高危人群,目标性监测能使医务人员动态掌握医院感染的状况,通过加强病房环境的清洁消毒,严格执行手卫生,注意无菌技术操作等,及时有效地采取预防控制措施,降低医院感染的发生。

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