• 中国科技论文统计源期刊
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Volume 45 Issue 10
Nov.  2020
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Prophylactic effects of novel anticoagulants on stroke and cognitive impairment in elderly patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

  • Corresponding author: LI Rui, lr18632699883@126.com
  • Received Date: 2019-03-18
    Accepted Date: 2020-09-20
  • ObjectiveTo investigate the prophylactic effects of novel anticoagulants on stroke and cognitive impairment in elderly patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.MethodsA total of 646 elderly patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation were divided into the coagulation factor Xa inhibitor group(n=318, group A), coagulation factor Ⅱ ainhibitor group(n=145, group B) and warfarin group(n=183, group C) according to the used anticoagulant.In three groups, the incidence of stroke, cognitive impairment and other events were prospectively analyzed, and the cognitive function was evaluated using the mini-mental status examination(MMSE).ResultsThe differences of the incidence rates of stroke, bleeding and mortality among three groups were not statistically significant during 24 months of following-up(P>0.05).The differences of the incidence rates of mild cognitive impairment and MMSE scores among three groups were not statistically significant at baseline and after 6 months and 12 months of anticoagulant therapy(P>0.05).The retest results after 24 months of anticoagulant therapy showed that the incidence rates of mild and above cognitive impairment, and MMSE scores in A, B and C group were (14.7%, 15.7% and 24.4%) and[(27.45±3.28), (27.26±3.14) and (26.13±3.54)], respectively.The differences in the incidence rates of cognitive impairment and MMSE score among three groups were statistically significant(P < 0.05).ConclusionThe novel anticoagulant have good efficacy and safety in atrial fibrillation-related stroke, and may play a positive role in the prevention of cognitive impairment in patients with atrial fibrillation.
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  • [1] MARGULESCU AD, MONT L.Persistent atrial fibrillation vs paroxysmal atrial fibrillation:differences in management[J].Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther, 2017, 15(8):601. doi: 10.1080/14779072.2017.1355237
    [2] KIRCHHOF P, BENUSSI S, KOTECHA D, et al.2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS[J].Eur Heart J, 2016, 37(38):2893. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw210
    [3] ZHENG Y, LIU Y, BI J, et al.Novel oral anticoagulants for the prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation and hypertension:a meta-analysis[J].Am J Cardiovasc Drugs, 2019, 19(5):477. doi: 10.1007/s40256-019-00342-8
    [4] NAZERI A.Clinical challenges of using novel oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation[J].Tex Heart Inst J, 2018, 45(3):164. doi: 10.14503/THIJ-18-6678
    [5] 张澍, 孙彤, 程仁立, 等.基层医院非瓣膜病性心房颤动患者抗凝治疗现状及华法林最佳初始剂量研究[J].蚌埠医学院学报, 2011, 36(7):698.
    [6] FOLSTEIN MF, FOLSTEIN SE, MCHUGH PR."Mini-mental state".Apractical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician[J].J Psychiatr Res, 1975, 12(3):189. doi: 10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
    [7] 李志武, 黄悦勤, 柳玉芝.中国65岁以上老年人认知功能及影响因素调查[J].第四军医大学学报, 2007, 28(16):1518.
    [8] 曾毅.健康长寿影响因素分析[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2004:3.
    [9] ECKARDT L, HÄUSLER KG, RAVENS U, et al.ESC guidelines on atrial fibrillation 2016:Summary of the most relevant recommendations and modifications[J].Herz, 2016, 41(8):677. doi: 10.1007/s00059-016-4503-8
    [10] ANDRADE AA, LI J, RADFORD MJ, et al.Clinical benefit of American college of chest physicians versus European society of cardiology guidelines for stroke prophylaxis in atrial fibrillation[J].J Gen Intern Med, 2015, 30(6):777. doi: 10.1007/s11606-015-3201-1
    [11] HOSPODAR AR, SMITH KJ, ZHANG Y, et al.Comparing the cost effectiveness of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants with well-managed warfarin for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation patients at high risk of bleeding[J].Am J Cardiovasc Drugs, 2018, 18(4):317. doi: 10.1007/s40256-018-0279-y
    [12] XIAN Y, O'BRIEN EC, LIANG L, et al.Association of preceding antithrombotic treatment with acute ischemic stroke severity and in-hospital outcomes among patients with atrial fibrillation[J].JAMA, 2017, 317(10):1057. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.1371
    [13] ROCKET AF.Study Investigators.Rivaroxaban-once daily, oral, direct factor Xa inhibition compared with vitamin K antagonism for prevention of stroke and embolism trial in atrial fibrillation:rationale and design of the ROCKET AF study[J].Am Heart J, 2010, 159(3):340. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2009.11.025
    [14] CASADO NARANJO Ⅰ, PORTILLA CUENCA JC, DUQUE DE SAN JUAN B, et al.Association of vascular factors and amnestic mild cognitive impairment:a comprehensive approach[J].J Alzheimers Dis, 2015, 44(2):695.
    [15] ALDRUGH S, SARDANA M, HENNINGER N, et al.Atrial fibrillation, cognition and dementia:a review[J].J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 2017, 29(8):958.
    [16] GALENKO O, JACOBS Ⅴ, KNIGHT S, et al.Circulating levels of biomarkers of cerebral injury in patients with atrial fibrillation[J].Am J Cardiol, 2019, 124(11):1697. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.08.027
    [17] WU Y, CHEN T.An up-to-date review on cerebral microbleeds[J].J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 2016, 25(6):1301. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.03.005
    [18] CHOU RH, CHIU CC, HUANG CC, et al.Prediction of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease in patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter using CHADS 2 score[J].Chin Med Assoc, 2016, 79(9):470. doi: 10.1016/j.jcma.2016.02.007
    [19] VISCOGLIOSI G, ETTORRE E, CHIRIAC IM.Dementia correlates with anticoagulation underuse in older patients with atrial fibrillation[J].Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 2018, 72:108.
    [20] MAVADDAT N, ROALFE A, FLETCHER K, et al.Warfarin versus aspirin for prevention of cognitive decline in atrial fibrillation randomized controlled trial (Birmingham Atrial Fibrillation Treatment of the Aged Study)[J].Stroke, 2014, 45(5):1381. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.004009
    [21] FERLAND G, FEART C, PRESSE N, et al.Vitamin K antagonists and cognitive function in older adults:the three-city cohort study[J].J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2016, 71(10):1356. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glv208
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Prophylactic effects of novel anticoagulants on stroke and cognitive impairment in elderly patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

    Corresponding author: LI Rui, lr18632699883@126.com
  • Department of Cardiology, Sanhe Hospital of Hebei, Sanhe Hebei 065200, China

Abstract: ObjectiveTo investigate the prophylactic effects of novel anticoagulants on stroke and cognitive impairment in elderly patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.MethodsA total of 646 elderly patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation were divided into the coagulation factor Xa inhibitor group(n=318, group A), coagulation factor Ⅱ ainhibitor group(n=145, group B) and warfarin group(n=183, group C) according to the used anticoagulant.In three groups, the incidence of stroke, cognitive impairment and other events were prospectively analyzed, and the cognitive function was evaluated using the mini-mental status examination(MMSE).ResultsThe differences of the incidence rates of stroke, bleeding and mortality among three groups were not statistically significant during 24 months of following-up(P>0.05).The differences of the incidence rates of mild cognitive impairment and MMSE scores among three groups were not statistically significant at baseline and after 6 months and 12 months of anticoagulant therapy(P>0.05).The retest results after 24 months of anticoagulant therapy showed that the incidence rates of mild and above cognitive impairment, and MMSE scores in A, B and C group were (14.7%, 15.7% and 24.4%) and[(27.45±3.28), (27.26±3.14) and (26.13±3.54)], respectively.The differences in the incidence rates of cognitive impairment and MMSE score among three groups were statistically significant(P < 0.05).ConclusionThe novel anticoagulant have good efficacy and safety in atrial fibrillation-related stroke, and may play a positive role in the prevention of cognitive impairment in patients with atrial fibrillation.

  • 心房颤动(房颤)是最为常见的心律失常,发病率随年龄增长而上升。房颤按照持续时间可分为阵发性房颤、持续性房颤和永久性房颤。其中阵发性房颤最为常见,占25%~60%,通常在7 d内转为窦性心律[1],持续时间低于48h。2016年欧洲心脏病协会发布房颤治疗指南,将房颤抗栓治疗作为三大方案之首[2]。目前,非瓣膜病变的房颤病人中,传统抗凝药物华法林应用广泛,但其由于起效慢,受食物及生活方式影响大,需要进行国际标准化比值(INR)监测等原因,其应用逐年受到制约。新型抗凝药物(NOAC)较好解决了上述问题,包括直接Xa因子抑制剂与直接凝血酶抑制剂,其在预防脑卒中、全身栓塞事件、心力衰竭等优势也在多个临床随机对照试验中得到证明[3-4],且并不增加出血风险。华法林等传统药物在预防房颤相关认知障碍有积极作用,但NOAC在认知障碍的预防作用尚未得到系统证实。本文就不同类型药物对阵发性房颤病人卒中及认知障碍的预防效果作一探讨,现作报道。

1.   资料与方法
  • 选择2014年1月至2016年6月我院阵发性房颤病人为研究对象。纳入标准:(1)年龄≥65岁;(2)通过心电图检测诊断为阵发性房颤;(3)简易精神状态检查表(Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE)评分≥10分。排除标准:(1)风湿性心脏病病人;(2)5年内出现严重的非创伤性出血者;(3)颅内出血病人;(4)1年内镜消化内镜诊断患有消化道溃疡;(5)处于疾病终末期者;(6)3个月内血压>180/110 mmHg;(7)合并抗凝药物禁忌证或主治医师判断不需要进行抗凝治疗者。本研究共纳入646例病人。本研究为观察性前瞻性研究,抗凝治疗方案由临床医师依据病人基础疾病情况、禁忌证、经济情况等确定。其中凝血因子Xa抑制剂治疗组(A组)318例、凝血因子Ⅱa抑制剂治疗组(B组)145例及华法林治疗组(C组)183例。3组病人年龄、性别、卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)发病史、心力衰竭发病史、高血压及糖尿病等基线指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 1),具有可比性。

    指标 A组(n=318) B组(n=145) C组(n=183) χ2 P
    年龄(x±s)/岁 74.4±6.8 75.2±7.9 73.4±7.2 2.61 >0.05
    186(58.5) 85(58.6) 114(62.3) 0.77 >0.05
    卒中/TIA发病史 41(12.9) 25(17.2) 28(15.3) 1.63 >0.05
    心力衰竭发病史 52(16.3) 31(20.7) 36(19.7) 1.94 >0.05
    糖尿病 48(15.1) 20(13.8) 26(14.2) 0.16 >0.05
    高血压 194(61.0) 83(57.2) 112(61.2) 0.62 >0.05
    冠心病 98(31.8) 53(36.5) 77(38.8) 2.54 >0.05
    CHA2DS2-Vasc评分(x±s)/分 3.85±0.27 3.93±0.32 3.87±0.25 0.02 >0.05
    家庭月收入/元
        <2 000 54(17.0) 29(20.0) 41(22.4)
        2 000~3 999 102(32.1) 52(35.9) 67(36.6)
        4 000~5 999 87(27.6) 40(27.6) 38(20.8) 7.09 >0.05
        6 000~7 999 46(14.5) 16(11.0) 22(12.0)
        ≥8 000 29(9.1) 9(6.2) 15(8.2)
    吸烟史
        从未 185(58.2) 92(63.4) 109(59.6)
        在吸 61(19.2) 29(20.0) 39(21.3) 2.72 >0.05
        已戒 72(22.6) 24(16.6) 35(19.1)
        △示F
  • A组:利伐沙班(德国拜耳)20毫克/次(肌酐清除率30~50 mL/min的病人,每次15 mg), 每日1次;阿哌沙班(中美施贵宝制药),5毫克/次,每日2次。B组:达比加群(德国勃林格殷格翰),150毫克/次,每日1次。C组:华法林(上海信谊药厂)初始计量2.5毫克/次,每日1次,2 d后根据目标INR调节计量[5],每次增加0.5 mg,目标INR为2.5,可接受的范围为2~3。病人INR稳定(连续3次监测在目标范围)后每4周进行一次INR检测。

  • (1) 采用MMSE量表对病人进行检测, 该量表由FOLSTEIN等[6]于1975年编制,本研究使用CLHLS问卷C部分认知能力测试结果, 其在MMSE量表基础上做了修改[7],包括24个条目6个维度,分别为定向力(5个)、一分钟食物数目(1个)、记忆力(3个)、注意力与计算力(5个)、回忆能力(3个)、语言能力(7个),得分0~30分。根据得分分为4个等级:正常(25~30分)、轻度认知障碍(21~24分)、中度认知障碍(10~20分)、重度认知障碍(0~9分)。修改后MMSE量表Cronbach′s α系数0.977~0.984[8]。于病人初始治疗、治疗6个月、12个月及24个月重复进行测量。(2)对病人进行随访,随访方式为门诊随访(与定期复查、带药结合),如病人发生主要终点事件,则停止随访。研究的终点事件包括死亡、卒中、心力衰竭、严重出血。失访病人通过电话、社区医务人员家访确定病人是否出现终点事件或并发症,了解病人去向,并且死亡病人不纳入下一阶段随访的样本数。其中,治疗至6个月时,共出现终点事件病例73例(A组37例,B组21例,C组15例),治疗至12个月时共出现终点事件病例148例(A组73例,B组40例,C组35例),治疗至24个月时共出现终点事件病例204例(A组86例,B组62例,C组56例)。

  • 采用方差分析、χ2检验和秩和检验。

2.   结果
  • 随访观察期间A组、B组与C组病人死亡率分别为10.3%、9.6%与15.3%,C组病人死亡率较高,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3组病人卒中的发生率分别为3.1%、3.8%与4.2%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。50例病人观察到出血,其中,30例为轻微出血(A组15例,B组5例,C组10例);15例为非严重临床相关出血(A组6例,B组4例,C组5例);5例为严重出血(A组1例,C组4例);3组病人出血的发生率分别为6.9%、6.2%与10.4%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 2)。

    事件 A组(n=318) B组(n=145) C组(n=183) χ2 P
    卒中 10(3.1) 6(3.2) 9(4.8) 1.02 >0.05
    深静脉血栓 3(0.9) 1(0.7) 3(1.6) 0.80 >0.05
    出血 22(6.9) 9(6.2) 19(10.4) 2.57 >0.05
    死亡 33(10.3) 14(9.6) 28(15.3) 3.08 >0.05
  • 基线(即开始抗凝治疗时),3组病人在MMSE分级差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗6个月和12个月,3组MMSE分级评价结果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗24个月后复测MMSE结果显示,78例病人观察到轻度及以上认知障碍。其中,44例为轻度障碍(A组21例,B组8例,C组15例);27例为中度障碍(A组12例,B组3例,C组12例);7例为重度障碍(A组1例,B组2例,C组4例);3组轻度及以上认知障碍的发生率分别为14.7%、15.7%与24.4%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(见表 3)。

    分组 n 正常 轻度障碍 中度障碍 重度障碍 uc P
    基线
        A组 318 281(88.4) 33(10.4) 4(1.2) 0(0.0)
        B组 145 128(88.3) 14(9.7) 3(1.0) 0(0.0) 0.00 >0.05
        C组 183 162(87.4) 16(8.7) 5(2.7) 0(0.0)
    6个月
        A组 281 245(87.2) 27(9.6) 8(2.8) 1(0.0)
        B组 124 106(85.4) 13(12.1) 4(3.2) 1(1.0) 0.52 >0.05
        C组 168 141(84.5) 18(11.9) 7(5.3) 0(0.0)
    12个月
        A组 245 212(86.5) 27(11.0) 6(2.4) 0(0.0)
        B组 105 89(84.8) 11(10.5) 3(2.9) 2(1.9) 1.87 >0.05
        C组 148 121(81.8) 18(12.2) 8(5.4) 1(1.0)
    24个月
        A组 232 198(85.3) 21(9.0) 12(5.2) 1(0.0)
        B组 83 70(84.3) 8(9.6) 3(3.6) 2(2.4) 6.25 <0.05
        C组 127 96(75.6) 15(11.8) 12(9.4) 4(3.1)
  • 3组MMSE评分在基线、抗凝治疗后6个月、抗凝治疗后12个月差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。抗凝治疗后24个月复测结果显示,A组、B组和C组MMSE评分分别为(27.45±3.28)(27.26±3.14)与(26.13±3.54)分;A组与B组均高于C组,差异均有统计学意义(MD=1.32, 95%CI:0.588~2.052;MD=1.13, 95%CI:0.187~2.073;P<0.05)。

3.   讨论
  • 房颤病人缺血性脑卒中发生风险与基线特征密切相关,欧洲心脏病学会(ESC)指南推荐对所有CHA2DS2-VASc评分≥1分未存在禁忌证的房颤病人进行抗凝治疗[9]。美国胸科医师学会(ACCP)抗栓共识的回顾性研究显示,>75岁的病人处于血栓栓塞高危状态,如不行抗凝治疗,病人缺血性脑卒中发生风险将增加5倍以上[10]

    华法林是传统抗凝药物,对房颤所致的脑卒中具有很强的效用。研究[11]发现与安慰剂相比,华法林可降低64%的卒中风险,同时华法林效果优于抗血小板药物。但华法林局限性较为明显,其可与药物或食物相互作用降低其抗凝效果,且需要较长时间来调整INR,导致其应用效果受限;同时其存在严重颅内出血风险等不良事件,临床医师普遍存在较大忧虑;并且病人无法维持在有效的时间窗内[12]。NOAC克服了传统抗凝药物的诸多缺陷,且具有起效快、半衰期短及药代动力学稳定的优点。ROCKET[13]随机双盲多中心RCT比较了利伐沙班及华法林在非瓣膜性房颤中抗凝治疗的安全性与有效性,结果显示2组在严重出血及临床相关的非严重出血发生率相近,1年后利伐沙班及华法林在卒中等主要终点事件的发生率分别为1.7%与2.2%,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。本研究显示,使用NOAC的病人仅有1例出现了严重出血,而华法林中累计出现了4例,NOAC在出血事件的发生率并不高于华法林组,在治疗2年内,凝血因子Xa抑制剂组与凝血因子Ⅱa抑制剂组病人卒中发生率分别为3.1%与3.2%。国外一项针对非瓣膜性房颤的大型多中心研究[13]显示,在14 000例使用利伐沙班抗凝的病人中,累计出现405例(中位观察时间19个月)卒中及血栓相关事件,与华法林在卒中及出血时间的发生表现为非劣效性,与本研究相近,提示NOAC在预防中风的效率及安全性至少不低于华法林。

    有研究[14]显示,房颤是认知障碍和痴呆发生的独立危险因素,而认知障碍也是降低老年房颤病人生活质量的重要因素。本研究显示,房颤相关认知障碍以轻度为主,其可能机制包括以下几个方面:(1)房颤病人总心输出量降低,导致其脑血量下降[15];(2)房颤病人白细胞介素-6、C反应蛋白等炎性因子表达增加,可能促进了痴呆的疾病进程[16];(3)房颤病人脑小血管病的发生风险增加,包括小动脉、微动脉、小静脉等[17],并随年龄上升增加;(4)房颤病人合并与痴呆共同危险因素如高血压、糖尿病、心力衰竭及睡眠障碍等[18]。目前,房颤相关认知障碍的研究相对较少。VISCOGLIOSI等[19]的一项针对2 540例华法林治疗房颤病人的随访研究显示,MMSE<23分与≥23分的病人INR在有效范围时间分别为68%与76%,提示轻度认知障碍与抗凝不恰当相关。MAVADDAT等[20]以阿司匹林为对照评价了华法林对房颤病人认知障碍的预防效果,结果显示,相对阿司匹林,华法林在治疗9~33个月后轻度以上认知障碍OR为0.49~0.56,但可能由于样本量原因,OR值均无统计学意义,提示在传统抗凝药物中,华法林可能对痴呆的预防存在优势。然而,对于NOAC与传统抗凝药物在认知障碍的预防研究相对较少,国外一项针对5 254例房颤病人平均243 d的随访研究[21]显示,不同新型药物间认知障碍发生率无差异,本研究得出了类似的结果。

    综上,与传统抗凝药物华法林相比,NOAC可能对房颤病人长期认知障碍有积极的预防作用,但在卒中及短期认知障碍预防方面差异与传统药物差异不明显。

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