• 中国科技论文统计源期刊
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Volume 45 Issue 10
Nov.  2020
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Analysis of the influence factors on rehabilitation of Alzheimer's disease patients complicated with dysphagia

  • Received Date: 2017-03-17
    Accepted Date: 2020-03-04
  • ObjectiveTo explore the influence factors on rehabilitation of Alzheimer's disease patients complicated with dysphagia.MethodsThe swallowing training in 120 Alzheimer's disease patients complicated with dysphagia was implemented for 4 weeks.According to the recovery of dysphagia, the patients were divided into the good prognosis group and poor prognosis group.The influence factors on the recovery of swallowing function were analyzed using logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe ratios of patients with good curative effect and poor curative effect were 84.17% and 15.83%, respectively.The differences of the severity of swallowing disorder, feeding dependence and coordination between two groups were statistically significant(P < 0.01), and the differences of age, sex, education, diabetes and hypertension between two groups were not statistically significant(P>0.05).The degree of dysphagia(severity), feeding dependence(feeding), and visual and auditory impairment were related to the effects of swallowing rehabilitation training(P < 0.05 to P < 0.01).ConclusionsThe targeted swallowing rehabilitation training should be implemented according to the specific situation of the patients.
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  • [1] LOY CT, SCHOFIELD PR, TURNER AM.Genetics of dementia[J].Lancet, 2014, 383(9919):828. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60630-3
    [2] TIAN HJ, ABOUZAID S, MARWAN, et al.Health care utilization and costs among patients with AD with and without dysphagia[J].Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord, 2013, 27(2):138. doi: 10.1097/WAD.0b013e318258cd7d
    [3] SUE EE.Dysphagia and aspiration pneumonia in older adults[J].Am Acad Nurse Pract, 2011, 12(5):17.
    [4] SERRA-PRAT M, PALOMERA M, GOMEZ C.Oropharyngeal dysphagia as a risk factor for malnutrition and lower respiratory tract infection in independently living older persons:a population-based prospective study[J].Age Ageing, 2012, 41(3):376. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afs006
    [5] LIVESAY S, RUPPERT SD.Pneumonia and encephalo-pathy in a patient with progressing Parkinson's disease and dementia[J].Crit Care Nurs, 2012, 35(2):160. doi: 10.1097/CNQ.0b013e31824565e0
    [6] 孟茶卿.冰水刺激配合穴位按摩治疗脑卒中后吞咽功能障碍54例观察[J].浙江中医杂志, 2009, 44(10):746.
    [7] 韩瑞.脑卒中后吞咽障碍的研究进展[J].安徽医学, 2009, 30(12):105.
    [8] 沈丽丽, 马月利, 楼晓霞.加强营养支持在老年性痴呆合并吞咽障碍病人综合干预治疗中的作用[J].全科医学临床与教育, 2009, 7(6):597.
    [9] 张笑梅, 王春霞, 田泳.护理干预对老年痴呆病人吞咽障碍影响分析[J].中国保健营养, 2013, 2:516.
    [10] 胡笑群, 李敏, 张朝霞.脑卒中吞咽障碍病人的康复影响因素分析[J].中国医药指南, 2013, 11(12):493.
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Analysis of the influence factors on rehabilitation of Alzheimer's disease patients complicated with dysphagia

  • Department of Neurology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou Anhui 234000, China

Abstract: ObjectiveTo explore the influence factors on rehabilitation of Alzheimer's disease patients complicated with dysphagia.MethodsThe swallowing training in 120 Alzheimer's disease patients complicated with dysphagia was implemented for 4 weeks.According to the recovery of dysphagia, the patients were divided into the good prognosis group and poor prognosis group.The influence factors on the recovery of swallowing function were analyzed using logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe ratios of patients with good curative effect and poor curative effect were 84.17% and 15.83%, respectively.The differences of the severity of swallowing disorder, feeding dependence and coordination between two groups were statistically significant(P < 0.01), and the differences of age, sex, education, diabetes and hypertension between two groups were not statistically significant(P>0.05).The degree of dysphagia(severity), feeding dependence(feeding), and visual and auditory impairment were related to the effects of swallowing rehabilitation training(P < 0.05 to P < 0.01).ConclusionsThe targeted swallowing rehabilitation training should be implemented according to the specific situation of the patients.

  • 阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer′s disease,AD)主要以记忆减退或缺损、智力减退、人格障碍的慢性神经系统疾病的表现,是由于慢性或进行性大脑结构器质性病变引起[1]。吞咽障碍是AD病人常见的并发症,TIAN等[2]研究发现,AD病人吞咽障碍的发生率达50%~75%。近年来AD伴吞咽障碍病人越来越受到关注。吞咽障碍病人易出现营养不良、感染、吸入性肺炎甚至窒息死亡等严重并发症[3-4], 这是AD病人生活质量低、病死率高的重要原因。并发症中吸入性肺炎是AD病人死亡最常见的原因[5]。此外,AD伴吞咽障碍病人易产生抑郁、恐惧、焦虑等心理[6]。因此,本研究收集我院120例AD伴吞咽障碍病人,进行4周的康复摄食吞咽训练后,根据吞咽障碍的恢复情况,分为疗效良好组与疗效不良组,探讨AD伴吞咽障碍病人吞咽功能的康复影响因素。现作报道。

1.   资料与方法
  • 收集我科2014年1月至2017年1月就诊的患有AD伴吞咽障碍病人120例,男71例,女49例,年龄60~86岁。纳入标准:(1)符合WHO制定的国际疾病分类及诊断标准和精神与行为障碍分类(ICD-10)对老年痴呆的诊断;(2)年龄>60岁;(3)吞咽功能评分均提示病人存在吞咽困难。排除标准:(1)其他原因所致痴呆和精神疾病的病人;(2)合并有严重的肝、肾、血液病变以及内分泌系统原发病;(3)合并有影响吞咽功能的其他疾病,如肺部疾病、头颈部肿瘤、食管肿瘤、颅脑损伤等疾病。

  • 根据能否自主进食,将吞咽功能分四级:Ⅰ级(4分),摄食功能与正常人无区别;Ⅱ级(3分),可以经口进食,但存在轻度吞咽困难;Ⅲ级(2分),可以经过口腔进食,但必须辅助静脉营养;Ⅳ级(1分),必须从胃管进食、口腔进食功能丧失[7]

  • 主要对病人进行基础训练和摄食功能的训练。基础训练是针对病人的舌部肌肉群、面颊部肌肉群、口唇肌肉群、下颌肌肉群等进行主动运动训练。并对病人进行咽部刺激训练、咳嗽训练,主动进行呼吸运动训练,主动进行吞咽模式训练等。摄食训练包括对病人的摄食体位,食物的固态,液态、使用的餐具,定量定时进食,反复轮换吞咽,治疗性进食等进行训练。对每位病人进行基础训练和摄食训练4周,记录疗效。

  • 4周后对所有病人的吞咽功能进行再次评价,根据评价结果将疗效分为无效、有效和显效。其判定标准为:无效是指病人的吞咽功能无明显改变,吞咽功能分级无变化;有效是指病人能够顺利摄取流质食物,吞咽功能评定为Ⅱ、Ⅲ级;显效是指病人能够正常进食,吞咽功能评定为Ⅰ级。根据疗效将AD伴吞咽障碍病人分为2组,疗效良好组包括有效、显效病人,疗效不良组为无效的病人。对病人的性别、年龄、糖尿病、高血压、吞咽困难分级、配合程度、视听觉障碍等进行统计学分析。

  • 采用t检验、χ2检验及logistic回归分析。

2.   结果
  • 本组病人疗效良好占84.17%,疗效不良占15.83%。不同疗效组在吞咽障碍严重程度、进食依赖性、配合程度方面差异具有统计学意义(P< 0.01),而在年龄、性别、学历、糖尿病和高血压等方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 1)。

    变量 疗效不良组 疗效良好组 χ2 P
    n 19(15.83) 101(84.17)
    年龄(x±s)/岁 76.51±5.21 74.49±5.82 1.41* >0.05
    性别
       男 10(52.63) 61(60.40) 0.40 >0.05
       女 9(47.37) 40(39.60)
    学历
       初中以下 15(78.95) 71(70.30) 0.59 >0.05
       初中及以上 4(21.05) 30(29.70)
    糖尿病
       有 6(31.58) 31(30.69) 0.01 >0.05
       无 13(68.42) 70(69.31)
    高血压
       有 12(63.16) 62(61.39) 0.02 >0.05
       无 7(36.84) 39(38.61)
    吞咽障碍程度
       轻度(Ⅲ级) 2(10.53) 34(33.67)
       中度(Ⅳ级) 3(15.79) 43(42.57) 18.43 < 0.01
       重度(Ⅴ级) 14(73.68) 24(23.76)
    进食依赖
       自主进食 2(10.53) 39(38.62)
       协助进食 4(21.05) 34(33.66) 12.25 < 0.01
       喂食 13(68.42) 28(27.72)
    配合性
       不配合 11(57.89) 25(24.75) 8.36 < 0.01
       配合 8(42.11) 76(75.25)
    视听障碍
       有障碍 18(72.00) 24(25.26) 19.50 < 0.01
       无障碍 7(28.00) 71(74.74)
      *示t
  • 将单因素分析中有统计学意义的因素纳入logistic回归分析,结果显示,病人吞咽困难程度、进食依赖、视听觉障碍是影响康复训练的独立危险因素(P< 0.05~P< 0.01)(见表 2)。

    变量 B SE Waldχ2 P OR 95%CI
    吞咽困难程度(重度) 2.195 0.571 14.780 < 0.01 8.983 2.933~27.511
    进食依赖(喂食) 1.731 0.541 10.232 < 0.01 5.649 1.955~16.320
    视听觉障碍 1.019 0.525 3.762 <0.05 2.771 0.989~7.758
3.   讨论
  • AD属于一种进行性的脑变性疾病[8]。而AD病人往往会并发吞咽障碍等症状,不仅影响病人的正常生活,当产生呛咳、感染、窒息等现象时,严重威胁病人的生命安全[9]。目前,治疗AD尚无特效药物及方法,因此提高病人的生活质量具有重要意义。本研究针对120例AD伴吞咽障碍的住院病人,进行为期4周的康复护理干预,结果发现,疗效良好的病人比例明显高于疗效不良的病人,占84.17%。这一结果与张笑梅等[9]研究结果一致,表明康复护理训练有助于提高病人的生活质量。

    本研究旨在探讨AD伴吞咽障碍病人吞咽功能康复影响因素,结果发现吞咽障碍严重程度、进食依赖性及配合程度为吞咽困难康复的影响因素,吞咽障碍程度(重度)、进食依赖(喂食)、视听觉障碍是吞咽康复训练过程中的独立危险因素。吞咽障碍重度的病人,吞咽训练恢复不良的危险性OR为8.983,表明吞咽障碍严重程度直接影响着康复病人的预后,康复治疗前吞咽障碍越严重,康复疗效越不理想。重度吞咽障碍病人的口、面、颊部、舌咽功能的恢复可能较困难,因此决定了疗效不佳。有文献[10]报道,仅有少部分吞咽障碍严重的病人,通过电针、各种物理刺激等康复训练,能进行吞咽功能的康复。依靠喂食进食的病人,吞咽训练恢复不良的危险性OR为5.649。该结果表明喂食进食不利于病人吞咽功能的恢复,建议协助病人进食或训练病人自主进食。存在视觉障碍的病人,康复训练恢复不良的危险性OR为2.771。视听觉功能障碍可能是通过阻止食物对视觉、听觉、嗅觉的刺激,阻止感受器将外部信息传导入大脑皮层, 进而阻止了唾液、胃液的分泌,不能产生食欲,严重影响治疗效果[10]

    本研究尚存在一些不足,如样本量不够大,尤其是疗效不良组样本量较小。此外,AD病人的严重程度并没有细化,这对单因素影响因素分析及多因素影响因素分析均可能会产生一定的偏移。

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