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Volume 49 Issue 1
Jan.  2024
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Role of miR-34c downregulated by EBV in promoting proliferation and migration of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and its mechanism

  • Corresponding author: JIANG Zhengju, hechujun199204@163.com
  • Received Date: 2022-04-20
    Accepted Date: 2023-02-10
  • ObjectiveTo investigate the role of miR-34c downregulated by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in promoting the proliferation, migration, and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and its mechanism.MethodsThe expression level of miR-34c in EBV-negative nasopharyngeal carcinoma SUNE1, CNE2, HK1 cells, and EBV-positive C666-1 cells was detected by qPCR.MiR-34c mimics were constructed to analyze the influence of miR-34c on the biological function of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells.CCK-8, scratch healing assay, and Transwell cell invasion assay were applied to detect the proliferation, migration, and invasion ability of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells.Western blotting was employed to determine the expression levels of migration and invasion-related proteins, and Erk1/2 signaling pathway proteins in cells.ResultsMiR-34c was downregulated in EBV-positive C666-1 cells (P < 0.05).CCK-8 results showed that the viability of C666-1 cells in the miR-34c group was significantly lower than that in the EBV group at 16, 24, and 48 hours (P < 0.01).The scratch assay and Transwell assay results indicated that compared with the miR-34c group, the migration and invasion ability of C666-1 cells in the EBV group were significantly enhanced (P < 0.01).Western blotting results showed that compared with the miR-34c group, the expression of migration and invasion-related proteins Vimentin, Snail, MMP-2, MMP-3, and Erk1 and Erk2 proteins of C666-1 cells in the EBV group were significantly increased (P < 0.01).ConclusionsMiR-34c is downregulated in EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, and miR-34c downregulated by EBV can enhance the proliferation, invasion, and migration capacities of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and activate the Erk1/2 signaling pathway.
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Role of miR-34c downregulated by EBV in promoting proliferation and migration of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and its mechanism

    Corresponding author: JIANG Zhengju, hechujun199204@163.com
  • 1. Department of Otolaryngology, Liupanshui People's Hospital, Liupanshui Guizhou 553001
  • 2. Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Guizhou 563001, China

Abstract: ObjectiveTo investigate the role of miR-34c downregulated by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in promoting the proliferation, migration, and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and its mechanism.MethodsThe expression level of miR-34c in EBV-negative nasopharyngeal carcinoma SUNE1, CNE2, HK1 cells, and EBV-positive C666-1 cells was detected by qPCR.MiR-34c mimics were constructed to analyze the influence of miR-34c on the biological function of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells.CCK-8, scratch healing assay, and Transwell cell invasion assay were applied to detect the proliferation, migration, and invasion ability of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells.Western blotting was employed to determine the expression levels of migration and invasion-related proteins, and Erk1/2 signaling pathway proteins in cells.ResultsMiR-34c was downregulated in EBV-positive C666-1 cells (P < 0.05).CCK-8 results showed that the viability of C666-1 cells in the miR-34c group was significantly lower than that in the EBV group at 16, 24, and 48 hours (P < 0.01).The scratch assay and Transwell assay results indicated that compared with the miR-34c group, the migration and invasion ability of C666-1 cells in the EBV group were significantly enhanced (P < 0.01).Western blotting results showed that compared with the miR-34c group, the expression of migration and invasion-related proteins Vimentin, Snail, MMP-2, MMP-3, and Erk1 and Erk2 proteins of C666-1 cells in the EBV group were significantly increased (P < 0.01).ConclusionsMiR-34c is downregulated in EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, and miR-34c downregulated by EBV can enhance the proliferation, invasion, and migration capacities of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and activate the Erk1/2 signaling pathway.

  • 鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma,NPC) 是一种源自鼻咽隐窝上皮的人类恶性肿瘤,在东南亚的发病率高,并且与遗传及爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒(Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)感染有关[1]。EBV被认为是NPC的病因,是第一个鉴定的编码miRNA的人类致癌病毒[2]。研究[3-5]显示EBV-miRNA有助于癌症存活率和肿瘤细胞迁移。目前,放疗是NPC的首选治疗方法,已被证明可以提高病人生存率。尽管NPC的5年局部控制率已达到80%~90%,但仍有15%~30%的病人发生远处转移[6]。因此,阐明NPC转移的机制对于改善预后和治疗结果具有重要意义。

    miR-34c是位于人类11号染色体上的77 bp非编码RNA,属于miR-34家族,可通过与靶基因序列片段结合调控细胞进程[7]。miR-34c通过与Bcl2基因的3′非翻译区配对抑制Bcl2,从而下调喉癌细胞的活力并诱导其凋亡[7]。miR-34c可调节非小细胞肺癌的发展和维持内质网稳态[8]。研究[9]显示,低水平的miR-34c是NPC病人的危险因素,miR-34c在NPC组织中下调,其下调显示可抑制细胞凋亡。相关研究[2]表明,EBV感染和EBV编码的miRNA也与鼻咽癌的发展有关。到目前为止,EBV下调miR-34c在NPC进展中的作用仍然未知。本研究旨在探讨EBV下调miR-34c对促进NPC细胞增殖和迁移的作用及机制。

1.   材料与方法
  • 人EBV阴性NPC细胞系(SUNE1、CNE2和HK1)和EBV阳性C666-1细胞系购自中国典型培养物保藏中心。所有NPC细胞均在含有10%胎牛血清RPMI-1640培养基中于5% CO2、37 ℃孵箱培养。

  • 胎牛血清(Gibco),RPMI-1640培养基(HyClone),Lipofectamine 2000转染试剂盒、PrimeScript RT Master Mix试剂盒(Invitrogen),引物[生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司],磷酸酶抑制剂混合物(Sigma Chemical),RIPA裂解缓冲液(Beyotime Biotech),GAPDH、Vimentin、Snail、MMP2、MMP3和Erk1、Erk12抗体(Abcam),CCK-8(Solarbio)。

  • 细胞转染前,将培养基更换为不含胎牛血清的培养基,转染当天将细胞以1×105个/孔接种于6孔板中。miR-34c模拟物和NC siRNA均购自上海生工生物科技有限公司,分为miR-34c转染EBV阳性NPC细胞组(miR-34c组)和EBV阳性NPC细胞组(EBV组)。细胞转染严格按照Lipofectamine 2000转染试剂盒说明书进行,转染8 h后,将培养基更换新鲜培养基。

  • 使用RNAiso Plus试剂提取细胞中的总RNA,通过PrimeScript RT Master Mix试剂盒反转录为cDNA,GAPDH作为内参,每个样本3个复孔。miR-34c引物,F:5′-AAG AAC CTG CTA GAC CCC TGG AG-3′;R:5′-TGC TTC CTC AGT CTT CTC ACT CAG-3′,由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成。根据制造商的说明,使用ABI PRISM 7000仪器对样品进行分析,采用2-ΔΔCT法计算目的基因相对表达量。

  • 使用蛋白酶和磷酸酶抑制剂混合物的RIPA裂解缓冲液中裂解细胞。将细胞以1.6×104 g离心15 min取上清,SDS/PAGE电泳分离蛋白,转移至硝酸纤维素(NC)膜。将膜在室温下以5%脱脂牛奶-PBS溶液封闭1 h。随后,待测蛋白与一抗4 ℃静置过夜,NC膜用PBS溶液洗涤3次,加入山羊抗兔IgG(HRP偶联物),室温孵育1 h。最后,用PBS溶液洗涤NC膜,并通过电化学发光试剂显色。并通过ImageJ软件(Image J 1.8.0,National Institute of Health)可视化目标条带,以GAPDH为内参蛋白。

  • 通过CCK-8测量细胞活力。NPC细胞(1×103个/孔)在96孔板中培养8、12、24和48 h,加入10 μL CCK-8溶液,继续培养4 h。最后,通过酶标仪(SpectraMax iD5,Molecular Devices,USA)在450 nm处测定吸光度(OD)。

  • 将细胞接种到6孔板中,并在血清饥饿24 h后使用无菌200 μL枪头创建人工伤口。然后用无血清培养基洗涤细胞以去除碎片和漂浮细胞。24 h后在倒置显微镜下拍照。使用Image J软件打开图片后,随机划取6至8条水平线,计算细胞划痕面积均值。伤口愈合率=(0 h划痕面积-24 h划痕面积)/0 h划痕面积。

  • 对转染细胞经胰蛋白酶酶解制备成细胞悬液,将2×104个细胞接种在200 μL含有1%胎牛血清DMEM溶液的铺有8%基质凝胶的Transwell小室上室,下室加入500 μL含有10%胎牛血清的DMEM。细胞培养2 h后,除去上室中的液体,擦去上室壁上的细胞。Transwell小室另一侧的细胞固定20 min,Transwell小室用结晶紫染色15 min,然后用PBS溶液冲洗。在200倍显微镜下拍照。对随机选取的3个视野中的细胞进行计数,取平均值作为穿透膜的细胞数。实验重复3次。

  • 采用t检验、方差分析和q检验。

2.   结果
  • EBV阴性NPC细胞系(SUNE1、CNE2和HK1)和EBV阳性NPC细胞系(C666-1)中miR-34c水平检测显示,miR-34c在C666-1细胞中低表达(P < 0.05)(见表 1)。miR-34c模拟物表达载体转染C666-1细胞后,采用qPCR测定转染细胞中miR-34c的水平,结果显示,miR-34c明显上调(P < 0.01)(见表 2)。

    细胞 n miR-34c mRNA F P MS组内
    SUNE1 6 1.51±0.04 282.19 < 0.01 0.001
    CNE2 6 1.43±0.05*
    HK1 6 1.29 ±0.03*#
    C666-1 6 0.94±0.02*#▲
    q检验:与SUNE1比较*P < 0.05;与CNE2比较#P < 0.05;与HK1比较▲P < 0.05
    分组 n miR-34c mRNA
    miR-34c组 6 1.51±0.09
    EBV组 6 0.98±0.03
    t 13.68
    P < 0.01
  • CCK-8结果显示,miR-34c组C666-1细胞在16、24、48 h的活力均明显低于EBV组(P < 0.01)(见表 3)。划痕试验和Transwell试验结果显示,与miR-34c组比较,EBV组C666-1细胞迁移和侵袭能力均明显增强(P < 0.01)(见图 1表 3)。

    分组 n OD(8 h) OD(16 h) OD(24 h) OD(48 h) 迁移能力/% 侵袭细胞数/个
    miR-34c组 6 0.72±0.11 0.75±0.05 0.84±0.09 1.11±0.07 14.78±0.42 20.02±4.69
    EBV组 6 0.80±0.04 0.84±0.04 1.01±0.08 1.31±0.08 24.65±0.94 54.05±5.47
    t 1.67 3.44 3.46 4.61 23.48 11.82
    P >0.05 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01
  • Western blotting结果显示,与miR-34c组比较,EBV组C666-1细胞迁移和侵袭相关蛋白Vimentin、Snail、MMP-2和MMP-3表达均明显升高(P < 0.01)(见图 2表 4)。

    分组 n MMP-3 MMP-2 Snail Vimentin
    miR-34c组 6 1.34±0.02 1.24±0.02 1.13±0.05 1.12±0.08
    EBV组 6 1.65±0.03 1.66±0.03 1.45±0.12 1.29±0.09
    t 21.06 28.53 6.03 3.46
    P < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01
  • 与miR-34c组比较,EBV组C666-1细胞Erk1、Erk2蛋白表达均明显升高(P < 0.01)(见图 3表 5)。

    分组 n Erk1 Erk2
    miR-34c组 6 1.00±0.09 0.79±0.03
    EBV组 6 1.30±0.09 1.39±0.03
    t 5.77 34.64
    P < 0.01 < 0.01
3.   讨论
  • NPC是一种具有高度侵袭性和转移性的恶性肿瘤[10]。增殖、转移是恶性肿瘤的主要标志,是大多数癌症相关死亡的原因,放疗是NPC治疗的主要手段[11],NPC局部控制的多模式治疗取得长足进步和改善[12]。因此,更好地了解NPC增殖、转移的分子模式对于开发NPC新治疗策略至关重要[13]。在NPC病例中,观察到miRNA表达失调,发现特定miRNA的异常表达与NPC细胞的增殖、转移和侵袭有关[14]。EBV感染已被证明与多种淋巴和上皮恶性肿瘤密切相关,尤其是NPC[15]。研究[9]显示,NPC组织标本检测发现标本中miR-34c下调,miR-34c可能与NPC的发展有关[9]。本研究结果显示,EBV下调miR-34c促进NPC增殖、迁移及侵袭,miR-34c可能是治疗转移性NPC的潜在治疗靶点。

    为了确认EBV下调miR-34c对促进NPC增殖转移的作用及机制研究,研究了其对C666-1细胞的细胞活力、迁移和侵袭的影响。结果显示,EBV下调miR-34c与NPC转移的关系,表明EBV下调miR-34c通过促进NPC细胞的转移促进了NPC的发展。异常增殖在癌变中起重要作用,NPC的主要生物学特征是局部侵袭和远处转移[16]。迁移通常是指体内任何定向的细胞运动,癌的侵袭意味着细胞穿透组织屏障[17]。癌细胞的迁移和侵袭允许从原发肿瘤部位脱离和癌症在组织内扩散[18]。在本研究中,发现在C666-1细胞中miR-34c的过表达抑制了其活力、迁移和侵袭,也降低了细胞迁移和侵袭相关蛋白的表达水平。而EBV下调miR-34c促进了细胞的活力和迁移和侵袭,但也促进了细胞迁移和侵袭相关蛋白的表达水平。

    Vimentin是肿瘤细胞迁移和侵袭过程中的一种细胞黏附分子,促进NPC细胞迁移和侵袭[19]。研究[20-21]显示,Snail的高表达表明NPC具有高转移潜力,MMP2的抑制与NPC细胞转移的抑制有关。NPC肿瘤细胞中MMP3的分泌可刺激肿瘤细胞迁移[22]。本研究显示,EBV下调miR-34c促进了Vimentin、Snail、MMP2和MMP3的表达,促进细胞迁移和侵袭,表明EBV下调miR-34c对NPC细胞迁移和侵袭的影响可能与迁移相关因子(Vimentin和Snail)和侵袭相关因子(MMP2和MMP3)有关,EBV下调miR-34c在调节NPC细胞的迁移和侵袭中起关键作用。

    有证据[23]表明,Erk1/2信号通路对细胞转移以及MMP的上调至关重要。研究[24]显示,Erk1/2信号通路参与了EBV-miR-BART8-3p诱导的NPC转移过程,EBV-miR-BART8-3p的上调通过激活Erk1/2信号通路诱导NPC转移,而EBV-miR-BART8-3p的下调具有相反的效果。此外,也有研究[25]表明EBV-miR-BART1激活MAPK-ERK1/2通路,激活β-catenin/Snail信号,促进NPC转移。本研究结果显示,Erk1/2信号通路与NPC细胞的迁移密切相关,Erk1/2信号通路传导有助于EBV下调miR-34c诱导的NPC迁移。

    综上所述,miR-34c在EBV阳性NPC细胞标本中下调,EBV下调miR-34c可增强NPC细胞增殖、侵袭和迁移能力及激活Erk1/2信号通路。

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