• 中国科技论文统计源期刊
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Volume 49 Issue 1
Jan.  2024
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Expression of SPK and S1P protein in osteosarcoma and the clinical significance

  • Corresponding author: WANG Shaowei, zw1981z@163.com
  • Received Date: 2022-01-30
    Accepted Date: 2022-06-01
  • ObjectiveTo investigate the expression of sphingosine kinase 1 (SPK1) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in osteosarcoma and their clinical significance.MethodsSeventy-three patients with osteosarcoma who underwent surgical treatment were selected as observation objects, and thirty-one cases of osteochondroma specimens surgically resected during the same period were selected as controls.The expression levels of SPK1 and S1P proteins in osteosarcoma tissue and chondroma tissue were detected with immunohistochemical method, the relationship between the expression levels of SPK1 and S1P and the clinicopathological characteristics of osteosarcoma was analyzed, the relationship between the expression of SPK1 and S1P and the survival rate of patients with osteosarcoma was analyzed with Kaplan-Meier survival curve.ResultsThe positive expression rate of SPK1 in osteosarcoma tissue was 68.49%, which was significantly higher than 16.13% in chondroma tissue (P < 0.01).The positive expression rate of S1P in osteosarcoma tissue was 58.90%, which was significantly higher than 22.58% in chondroma tissue (P < 0.01).The positive expression rates of SPK1 and S1P were higher in patients with Eneeking stage Ⅱ-Ⅲ and lung metastasis (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01).There was no significant difference in the positive expression rate of SPK1 or S1P between the different sex, age, tumor diameter, disease location or pathological type of patients (P>0.05).The 3-year survival rate of SPK1 positive expression group was significantly lower than that of SPK1 negative expression group (38.50% vs 74.17%, χ2=5.63, P < 0.05).The 3-year survival rate of S1P positive expression group was significantly lower than that of S1P negative expression group (34.06% vs 77.44%, χ2=8.95, P < 0.05).ConclusionsSPK1 and S1P proteins are highly expressed in osteosarcoma tissues, they are related to the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with osteosarcoma, and may serve as potential prognostic markers for patients with osteosarcoma.
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  • [1] 苏海鹏, 白左明, 李昕, 等. 高迁移率蛋白A2和环氧合酶2在骨肉瘤组织和骨软骨瘤组织的表达及其临床意义[J]. 中华实验外科杂志, 2021, 38(8): 1591. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn421213-20201026-01386
    [2] GAO E, LI Y, ZHAO W, et al. Necessity of thoracotomy in pulmonary metastasis of osteosarcoma[J]. J Thorac Dis, 2019, 11(8): 3578. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2019.07.65
    [3] ROHRBACH T, MACEYKA M, SPIEGEL S. Sphingosine kinase and sphingosine-1-phosphate in liver pathobiology[J]. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol, 2017, 52(5): 543. doi: 10.1080/10409238.2017.1337706
    [4] 吕冰洁, 赵洁, 郝东, 等. SPK1通过调节Bcl-2/Bax途径干扰LLC细胞凋亡[J]. 中国病理生理杂志, 2019, 35(5): 950. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4718.2019.05.028
    [5] ZHENG X, LI W, REN L, et al. The sphingosine kinase-1/sphingosine-1-phosphate axis in cancer: Potential target for anticancer therapy[J]. Pharmacol Ther, 2019, 195(1): 85.
    [6] 刘大旭, 张艳锋, 鲜文峰, 等. 锌-α2-糖蛋白1在骨肉瘤组织中的表达及其临床意义[J]. 中国肿瘤生物治疗杂志, 2021, 28(1): 55.
    [7] SMRKE A, ANDERSON PM, GULIA A, et al. future directions in the treatment of osteosarcoma[J]. Cells, 2021, 10(1): 172. doi: 10.3390/cells10010172
    [8] 吕冰洁, 安超, 郝东, 等. 鞘氨醇激酶1通过ERK1/2信号通路促进非小细胞肺癌细胞的侵袭和迁移[J]. 中国病理生理杂志, 2020, 36(7): 1224. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4718.2020.07.010
    [9] SUKOCHEVA OA, FURUYA H, NG ML, et al. Sphingosine kinase and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor signaling pathway in inflammatory gastrointestinal disease and cancers: a novel therapeutic target[J]. Pharmacol Ther, 2020, 207(1): 107464.
    [10] MACEYKA M, ROHRBACH T, MILSTIEN S, et al. Role of sphingosine kinase 1 and sphingosine-1-phosphate axis in hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Handb Exp Pharmacol, 2020, 259(1): 3.
    [11] BAO Y, GUO Y, ZHANG C, et al. Sphingosine kinase 1 and sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in colorectal cancer[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2017, 18(10): 2109. doi: 10.3390/ijms18102109
    [12] REN X, SU C. Sphingosine kinase 1 contributes to doxorubicin resistance and glycolysis in osteosarcoma[J]. Mol Med Rep, 2020, 22(3): 2183. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11295
    [13] 蔡笃雄, 苏颖洁, 汤净. 鞘鞍醇激酶-1对胰腺癌SW1990细胞增殖和凋亡的影响[J]. 海南医学, 2017, 28(10): 1552.
    [14] SUKOCHEVA OA. Expansion of sphingosine kinase and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor function in normal and cancer cells: from membrane restructuring to mediation of estrogen signaling and stem cell programming[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2018, 19(2): 420. doi: 10.3390/ijms19020420
    [15] 宋娟, 杨晶, 王明, 等. 鞘氨醇-1-磷酸信号激活对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞增殖作用机制研究[J]. 中国临床药理学杂志, 2021, 37(17): 2286.
    [16] 黎展华, 周继红, 陈斯宁, 等. 白藜芦醇通过调控S1P/SIPR3抑制非小细胞肺癌细胞迁移及侵袭[J]. 现代医学, 2021, 49(6): 610.
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Expression of SPK and S1P protein in osteosarcoma and the clinical significance

    Corresponding author: WANG Shaowei, zw1981z@163.com
  • Department of Orthopaedics, Zaozhuang Hospital, Shandong Guoxin Yiyang Group, Zaozhuang Shandong 277100, China

Abstract: ObjectiveTo investigate the expression of sphingosine kinase 1 (SPK1) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in osteosarcoma and their clinical significance.MethodsSeventy-three patients with osteosarcoma who underwent surgical treatment were selected as observation objects, and thirty-one cases of osteochondroma specimens surgically resected during the same period were selected as controls.The expression levels of SPK1 and S1P proteins in osteosarcoma tissue and chondroma tissue were detected with immunohistochemical method, the relationship between the expression levels of SPK1 and S1P and the clinicopathological characteristics of osteosarcoma was analyzed, the relationship between the expression of SPK1 and S1P and the survival rate of patients with osteosarcoma was analyzed with Kaplan-Meier survival curve.ResultsThe positive expression rate of SPK1 in osteosarcoma tissue was 68.49%, which was significantly higher than 16.13% in chondroma tissue (P < 0.01).The positive expression rate of S1P in osteosarcoma tissue was 58.90%, which was significantly higher than 22.58% in chondroma tissue (P < 0.01).The positive expression rates of SPK1 and S1P were higher in patients with Eneeking stage Ⅱ-Ⅲ and lung metastasis (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01).There was no significant difference in the positive expression rate of SPK1 or S1P between the different sex, age, tumor diameter, disease location or pathological type of patients (P>0.05).The 3-year survival rate of SPK1 positive expression group was significantly lower than that of SPK1 negative expression group (38.50% vs 74.17%, χ2=5.63, P < 0.05).The 3-year survival rate of S1P positive expression group was significantly lower than that of S1P negative expression group (34.06% vs 77.44%, χ2=8.95, P < 0.05).ConclusionsSPK1 and S1P proteins are highly expressed in osteosarcoma tissues, they are related to the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with osteosarcoma, and may serve as potential prognostic markers for patients with osteosarcoma.

  • 骨肉瘤为原发性恶性骨肿瘤,多发于儿童与青少年人群,以疼痛、肿胀、病理性骨折为主要临床表现,由于其恶性程度高,侵袭性强,预后较差,病人术后5年生存率为65%~75%,骨肉瘤易发生转移,以肺转移为常见,发生转移病人的5年生存率仅为20%,目前关于骨肉瘤的发病机制尚不十分清楚[1-2]。鞘氨醇激酶1(sphingosine kinase 1, SPK1)是鞘脂代谢平衡的重要限速酶,可催化神经酰胺磷酸化形成1-磷酸鞘氨醇(sphingosine-1-phosphate, S1P),SPK1具有癌基因特性,在肿瘤中高表达,并促进肿瘤恶性转化[3]。吕冰洁等[4]研究表明,SPK1在小鼠肺癌细胞中高表达,抑制SPK1表达可通过Bcl-2/Bax途径干扰肺癌细胞凋亡。SPK1与S1P形成SPK1/S1P通路,在调控肿瘤细胞增殖、凋亡、迁移及耐药性等过程中发挥重要作用[5]。目前SPK1、S1P在骨肉瘤组织中的研究尚未见报道。本研究通过检测骨肉瘤组织中SPK1与S1P的表达情况,探讨其与骨肉瘤发生发展的相关性。

1.   资料与方法
  • 选择2016年7月至2018年8月我院收治的73例骨肉瘤病人作为研究对象,手术取骨肉瘤组织,所选病人中男45例,女28例,年龄7~45岁。73例病人中,肿瘤直径<5 cm者31例,≥5 cm者43例;发病部位为肢体55例,躯干部18例;骨母细胞型35例,软骨母细胞型18例,纤维骨母细胞型20例;Eneeking分期Ⅰ期者29例,Ⅱ~Ⅲ期44例;有肺转移者33例,无肺移者40例。纳入标准:(1)经病理学检查确诊为骨肉瘤;(2)术前未行靶向治疗、放化疗或免疫治疗;(3)病人临床资料完整。排除合并其他恶性肿瘤病人。

    选择同期医院进行手术的骨软骨瘤手术切除标本31例作为对照,其中男18例,女13例,年龄8~46岁。本研究样本采集均经过本院伦理委员会批准。

  • SP免疫组化试剂盒及配套试剂、辣根过氧化物酶(horse radish peroxidase,HRP)标记山羊抗兔IgG购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司,兔抗人SPK1、S1P多克隆抗体购自Abcam公司。

  • 手术过程中取得的骨肉瘤组织与软骨瘤组织标本石蜡包埋,连续切片(约4 μm厚)后,使用二甲苯脱蜡,浸入EDTA溶液中微波抗原修复10 min,去离子水洗涤,使用3% H2O2溶液以灭活内源性过氧化物酶,加入兔抗人SPK1(1∶800)、S1P(1∶1 000)多克隆抗体,4 ℃冰箱孵育过夜后,PBS洗涤,加入HRP标记的IgG(按1∶1 000稀释),室温孵育1 h,PBS洗涤,DAB染色,苏木素复染,梯度乙醇脱水,中性树胶封片,用已知阳性骨肉瘤组织切片做阳性对照,PBS为一抗作为阴性对照,显微镜观察。

    染色结果判断:SPK1、S1P阳性表现为棕色或黄色颗粒,主要定位于细胞质或细胞膜。

    评分=染色强度评分×阳性细胞比例评分,阴性(-)0分,弱阳性1~4分,记为(+),阳性为5~8分,记为2+,强阳性为9~12分,记为3+。细胞染色强度评分:无着色评0分、淡黄色评1分,棕黄色评2分,棕褐色评3分;阳性细胞比例评分:阳性细胞比例为0~5%、6%~25%、26%~50%、51%~75%、>75%,分别评分为0、1、2、3、4分。

  • 采用χ2检验和Kaplan-Meier生存曲线。

2.   结果
  • 免疫组织化学染色结果显示,SPK1、S1P主要定位于细胞膜或细胞质,骨肉瘤组织SPK1阳性表达率为68.49%,高于软骨瘤组织中阳性表达率16.13%;骨肉瘤组织S1P阳性表达率为58.90%,高于软骨瘤组织中阳性表达率22.58%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)(见表 1图 12)。

    n - + 2+ 3+ 阳性 χ2 P
    SPK1
      软骨瘤组织
      骨肉瘤组织
    31
    73
    26
    23
    5
    15
    0
    24
    0
    11
    5(16.13)
    50(68.49)
    23.95 <0.01
    S1P
      软骨瘤组织
      骨肉瘤组织
    31
    73
    24
    30
    6
    13
    1
    18
    0
    12
    7(22.58)
    43(58.90)
    11.50 <0.01
  • 根据SPK1、S1P在骨肉瘤组织中表达阳性结果,将骨肉瘤病人分为SPK1阳性表达组50例和S1P阴性表达组23例,S1P阳性表达组43例和S1P阴性表达组30例。分析发现, SPK1、S1P在Eneeking分期为Ⅱ~Ⅲ期和肺转移的病人中阳性表达率较高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05~P<0.01);SPK1、S1P在病人不同性别、年龄、肿瘤直径、发病部位、病理类型的阳性表达率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 2)。

    临床病理特征 n SPK1 χ2 P S1P χ2 P
    阳性(n=50) 阴性(n=23) 阳性(n=50) 阴性(n=23)
    性别
      男
      女
    45
    28
    32(71.11)
    18(64.29)
    13(28.89)
    10(35.71)
    0.37 >0.05 24(53.33)
    19(67.86)
    21(46.67)
    9(32.14)
    1.50 >0.05
    年龄/岁
      <18
      ≥18
    58
    15
    40(68.97)
    10(66.67)
    18(31.03)
    5(33.33)
    0.03 >0.05 36(62.07)
    7(46.67)
    22(37.93)
    8(53.33)
    1.17 >0.05
    肿瘤直径/cm
      <5
      ≥5
    32
    41
    20(62.50)
    30(73.17)
    12(37.50)
    11(26.83)
    0.95 >0.05 21(65.63)
    22(53.66)
    11(34.37)
    19(46.34)
    1.06 >0.05
    发病部位
      肢体
      躯干
    55
    18
    37(67.27)
    13(72.22)
    18(32.73)
    5(27.28)
    0.15 >0.05 29(52.73)
    14(77.78)
    26(47.27)
    4(22.22)
    3.52 >0.05
    病理类型
      骨母细胞型 35 23(65.71) 12(34.29) 18(51.43) 17(48.57)
      软骨母细胞型 18 12(66.67) 6(33.33) 0.55 >0.05 12(66.67) 6(33.33) 1.56 >0.05
      纤维骨母细胞型 20 15(75.00) 5(25.00) 13(65.00) 7(35.00)
    Eneeking分期
      Ⅰ
      Ⅱ~Ⅲ
    29
    44
    15(51.72)
    35(79.55)
    14(48.28)
    9(20.45)
    6.27 <0.05 11(37.93)
    32(72.73)
    18(62.07)
    12(27.27)
    8.74 <0.01
    肺转移
      是
      否
    33
    40
    24(84.85)
    26(65.00)
    9(15.15)
    14(35.00)
    7.47 <0.01 25(75.76)
    18(45.00)
    8(24.24)
    22(55.00)
    7.07 <0.01
  • 73例病人全部完成随访,27例因死亡而终止随访,通过Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析可知,SPK1阳性表达病人3年生存率为38.50%,SPK1阴性表达病人3年生存率为74.17%,SPK1阳性表达组3年生存率低于SPK1阴性表达组(χ2=5.63,P<0.05);S1P阳性表达病人3年生存率为34.06%,S1P阴性表达病人3年生存率为77.44%,S1P阳性表达组3年生存率低于S1P阴性表达组(χ2=8.95,P<0.05)(见图 3)。

3.   讨论
  • 骨肉瘤是一种恶性程度及自残率极高的原发性肿瘤,其起病较为隐匿,早期发现比较困难,但进展快,多数病人确诊时已到中晚期,10%~20%的病人确诊时发生灶转移,导致病人预后较差,5年生存率较低,因此研究骨肉瘤的发病机制,对骨肉瘤的早期诊断及治疗具有重要临床意义[6-7]

    细胞内鞘磷脂代谢如SPK1、S1P与细胞增殖、凋亡密切相关,在肿瘤的发生中发挥重要作用,SPKl是一种具有广泛作用的细胞因子,对内皮细胞、软骨细胞、肿瘤细胞等多种细胞具有调节作用,与细胞的凋亡、增殖和迁移密切相关[8-9]。既往研究表明,SPK1在胃癌、结肠癌、鼻咽癌、肝癌、白血病等多种肿瘤中均有研究[10-11]。研究[12]显示,SPK1在骨肉瘤细胞中上调表达,与阿霉素耐药有关,敲低或过表达SPK1可改变阿霉素耐药性和细胞增殖活性。本研究结果显示,骨肉瘤组织SPK1阳性表达率显著高于软骨瘤组织中阳性表达率,提示SPK1可能与骨肉瘤的发生有关。通过分析SPK1与骨肉瘤临床病理特征相关性显示,SPK1在Eneeking分期为Ⅱ~Ⅲ期和肺转移的病人中阳性表达率较高,提示SPK1表达水平与骨肉瘤进展有关,与以往研究结果类似。蔡笃雄等[13]研究表明,胰腺癌中SPK1表达水平升高,SPK1的激活可促进胰腺癌细胞的增殖并抑制细胞的凋亡。推测SPK1可能通过促进骨肉瘤细胞增殖与转移,进而促进骨肉瘤的发生发展。进一步分析发现,SPK1阳性表达组3年生存率低于SPK1阴性表达组病人,提示SPK1可能与骨肉瘤病人生存情况有关,提示SPK1可能作为评估骨肉瘤病人预后的生物标志物。

    SPK1是细胞内合成S1P的主要限速酶,S1P是一种抗凋亡基因,可促进细胞增殖,S1P与其受体S1PR结合,在调控肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移等过程中发挥重要作用[14]。宋娟等[15]研究表明,乳腺癌细胞中S1P激活可通过调节STAT3信号通路促进乳腺癌细胞增殖。而抑制S1P及其受体信号通路,可抑制肺腺癌细胞的迁移与侵袭[16]。本研究结果显示,与软骨瘤组织比较,S1P在骨肉瘤组织中阳性表达率显著升高,提示S1P与骨肉瘤的发生发展过程有关。进一步分析结果显示,骨肉瘤组织中S1P表达水平与Eneeking分期和肺转移有关,提示S1P表达水平与骨肉瘤疾病进展有关。另外,本研究还显示,S1P阳性表达组3年生存率低于S1P阴性表达组,提示S1P阳性表达病人可能生存率较低,与病人预后相关。

    综上所述,SPK1、S1P蛋白在骨肉瘤组织中高表达,且与骨肉瘤病人临床病理特征和预后有关,可能作为骨肉瘤病人潜在的预后标志物。但由于本研究临床样本数据少,可能存在一定偏倚,将扩大样本量作进一步研究。

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