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压力性损伤(pressure injuries,PIs)[1]是一种由多种因素(如压力、摩擦力、剪切力和湿度等)引起的严重的组织损伤。全球疾病负担系统分析发现,相较于1990年[2]PIs为死因的13 700人而言,2017年[3]升高到20 300人。PIs导致严重并发症[4],降低病人生活质量,引起较高的死亡率。而院外带入PIs是指入院之前就发生的组织损伤,研究显示[5-6],其发生比例远高于院内PIs,因此对院外带入PIs的护理更值得重视。而以往研究对院外带入PIs的转归影响因素分析较少,本研究试图分析院外带入PIs的现状特点及其转归相关影响因素,对本地区带入PIs病人提出护理指导意见和预防建议。
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共计纳入118例病人,男70例,女48例;年龄32~102岁,其中 < 60岁21例(17.80%),60~69岁23例(19.49%),70~79岁35例(29.66%),80~89岁34例(28.81%),≥90岁5例(4.24%);上报科室分布为:放射治疗科2例(1.69%),腹部肿瘤外科3例(2.54%),骨科4例(3.39%),呼吸与危重症医学科33例(27.98%),急诊医学科3例(2.54%),内分泌科8例(6.78%),神经内科16例(13.56%),神经外科3例(2.54%),疼痛科8例(6.78%),消化内科15例(12.71%),心血管内科7例(5.93%),胸部肿瘤外科2例(1.69%),中医科1例(0.85%),肿瘤内科8例(6.78%),重症医学科5例(4.24%);合并糖尿病有24例(20.34%),合并脑梗死有37例(31.35%);居家形成的PIs 86例(72.88%),其他医院或机构形成32例(27.12%)。
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共计带入277处PIs,其中1期26处(9.38%),2期125处(45.13%),3期36处(13.00%),4期1处(0.36%),深部组织损伤期32处(11.55%),不可分期57处(20.58%)。骶尾部82处(29.60%),髋部51处(18.41%),足跟处36处(13.00%),臀部32处(11.55%),背部21处(7.58%),足部16处(足跟除外的部位)(5.78%)、外踝13处(4.69%)、其他部位26处(9.39%)。发生1处PIs 54例(45.76%)病人,多处PIs 64例(54.24%),其中2处23例(19.49%),3处12例(10.17%),4处15例(12.71%),5处8例(6.78%),7处4例(3.39%),8处2例(1.69%)。
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无好转病例数为47例(39.83%),好转病例数为71例(61.17%)。结果显示,无好转病例和好转病例组住院时间、入院后白蛋白水平、Braden评分、是否合并糖尿病和脑梗死、BMI、BI得分、损伤面积差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05~P < 0.01),而2组年龄、性别和人均PIs处数差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 1)。
项目 无好转
(n=47)好转
(n=71)t P 年龄/岁 74.15±14.18 71.28±12.45 1.29 >0.05 住院时间/d 9.15±7.31 13.44±7.76 9.02 < 0.01 入院后白蛋白/(g/L) 27.15±5.60 30.25±5.45 8.89 < 0.01 Braden评分/分 13.51±2.69 16.94±2.66 46.49 < 0.01 性别 男
女27(38.57)
20(41.67)43(61.43)
28(58.33)0.11* >0.05 糖尿病 是
否19(79.17)
28(29.79)5(20.83)
66(70.21)19.45* < 0.01 脑梗死 是
否25(67.57)
22(27.16)12(32.43)
59(72.83)17.30* < 0.01 BMI/(kg/m2) < 18.5 7(77.78) 2(22.22) 18.5~ 30(32.97) 61(67.03)# 9.05* < 0.05 >28 10(55.56) 8(44.44) BI得分/分 11.06±11.60 31.13±17.01 49.91 < 0.01 损伤面积/cm2 14.25±1.35 10.23±1.77 13.22 < 0.01 PIs总处数 2.68±2.04 2.17±1.48 2.48 >0.05 *示χ2值;与 < 18.5 kg/m2比较#P < 0.01 表 1 不同转归病例单因素分析(x±s)
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出院时好转153处(55.23%),其中愈合89处(32.13%),好转64处(23.10%);无好转124处(44.77%)。结果显示,无好转处和好转处分期,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01),好转组以1期和2期为主(合计构成比为67.97%),无好转组以3期及以上为主(合计构成比62.10%)(见表 2)。
分组 n 分期 χ2 P 1期 2期 3期 4期+不可分期 深部组织 无好转 124 12(9.68) 35(28.22) 20(16.13) 39(31.45) 18(14.52) 好转 153 14(9.15) 90(58.82) 16(10.46)** 19(12.42)** 14(9.15)** 29.48 < 0.01 合计 277 26(9.39) 125(45.13) 36(13.00) 58(20.94) 32(11.54) 与2期比较**P < 0.01 表 2 不同转归PIs伤口特点比较[n;构成比(%)]
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以是否好转为因变量(无好转=0,好转=1),将单因素分析有意义者为自变量进行多因素logistic回归分析,纳入自变量包括住院时间、入院后白蛋白水平、Braden评分、是否合并糖尿病和脑梗死、BMI、BI得分、损伤面积,各分类自变量赋值如下(合并脑梗死、糖尿病:是=1,否=2;BMI: < 18.5=1,18.5~27.9=2,>28=3),结果显示回归模型的成立(χ2=74.76,P < 0.01)。Braden评分高、入院后白蛋白高、住院时间长和BI得分高是PIs好转的保护性因素(P < 0.05~P < 0.01)(见表 3)。
因素 B SE Waldχ2 P OR(95%CI) 常量 11.266 2.598 18.80 < 0.01 — BI得分 -0.072 0.020 12.73 < 0.01 0.930(0.894~0.968) 住院时间 -0.082 0.038 4.60 < 0.05 0.921(0.854~0.993) 入院后白蛋白 -0.141 0..055 6.72 < 0.01 0.868(0.780~0.966) Braden评分 -0.343 0.107 10.38 < 0.01 0.709(0.576~0.874) 表 3 PIs转归的多因素分析
院外带入压力性损伤现状及其转归影响因素分析
Current situation and influencing factors of outcome of pressure injuries brought in from outside the hospital
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摘要:
目的通过对院外带入压力性损伤(pressure injuries,PIs)病人损伤结局现状以及影响因素分析,以期为临床护理提供参考依据。 方法采用便利抽样法,选取入院并有PIs的118例病人进行回顾性分析,收集病例和PIs相关资料,进行转归影响因素分析。 结果118例病人共计带入277处PIs。其中1期26处(9.38%),2期125处(45.13%),3期36处(13.00%),4期1处(0.36%),深部组织损伤期32处(11.55%),不可分期57处(20.58%)。骶尾部82处(29.60%),髋部51处(18.41%),臀部32处(11.55%),足跟处36处(13.00%),背部21处(7.58%),足部16处(足跟除外的部位)(5.78%),外踝13处(4.69%),其他部位26处(9.39%)。发生1处PIs 54例(45.76%)病人,多处PIs 64例(54.24%)。单因素分析显示,无好转病例和好转病例组住院时间、入院后白蛋白水平、Braden评分、合并糖尿病和脑梗死、体质量指数、Barthel指数(BI)、损伤面积差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05~P < 0.01)。好转组以1期和2期为主(合计构成比为67.97%),无好转组以3期及以上为主(合计构成比62.10%)。Logistic回归分析显示,Braden评分高、入院后白蛋白高、住院时间长和BI得分高是压力性损伤好转的保护性因素(P < 0.05~P < 0.01)。 结论院外带入压力性损伤具有复杂性和多发性,Braden评分、入院后白蛋白、住院时间和BI得分是其转归结局的影响因素。 Abstract:ObjectiveTo provide reference for clinical nursing by analyzing the injury outcome status and influencing factors of patients with pressure injuries (PIs) brought in from outside the hospital. MethodsA total of 118 hospitalized patients with PIs were selected by convenience sampling method for retrospective analysis.And the retated data of cases and PIs were collected to determine the impact of outcome. ResultsA total of 277 PIs were brought into the 118 patients, including 26 in stage 1 (9.38%), 125 in stage 2 (45.13%), 36 in stage 3 (13.00%), 1 in stage 4 (0.36%), 32 in deep injury stage (11.55%) and 57 in non-staging stage (20.58%).There were 82 sacral tail (29.60%), 51 hips (18.41%), 32 buttocks (11.55%), 36 heels (13.00%), 21 back (7.58%), 16 foot (except heel part) (5.78%), 13 external ankle (9.39%) and 26 other parts (4.69%).There were 54 patients (45.76%) with one PIs and 64 patients (54.24%) with multiple PIs.Univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences on length of stay, albumin levels after admission, Braden score, combined with diabetes mellitus and cerebral infarction, body mass index, Barthel index (BI), injury area (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01).The improved group was mainly stage 1 and stage 2 (total component ratio 67.97%), while the non-improved group was mainly stage 3 and above (total component ratio 62.10%).Logistic regression analysis showed that high Braden score, high albumin after admission, long hospital stay and high BI score were protective factors for the outcome of PIs(P < 0.05 to P < 0.01). ConclusionsPressure injuries brought in from outside the hospital are complicated and multiple.Braden score, albumin levels after admission, length of stay and BI are the influencing factors of outcome of PIs brought in from outside the hospital. -
Key words:
- pressure injuries /
- outside the hospital /
- outcome /
- influencing factors
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表 1 不同转归病例单因素分析(x±s)
项目 无好转
(n=47)好转
(n=71)t P 年龄/岁 74.15±14.18 71.28±12.45 1.29 >0.05 住院时间/d 9.15±7.31 13.44±7.76 9.02 < 0.01 入院后白蛋白/(g/L) 27.15±5.60 30.25±5.45 8.89 < 0.01 Braden评分/分 13.51±2.69 16.94±2.66 46.49 < 0.01 性别 男
女27(38.57)
20(41.67)43(61.43)
28(58.33)0.11* >0.05 糖尿病 是
否19(79.17)
28(29.79)5(20.83)
66(70.21)19.45* < 0.01 脑梗死 是
否25(67.57)
22(27.16)12(32.43)
59(72.83)17.30* < 0.01 BMI/(kg/m2) < 18.5 7(77.78) 2(22.22) 18.5~ 30(32.97) 61(67.03)# 9.05* < 0.05 >28 10(55.56) 8(44.44) BI得分/分 11.06±11.60 31.13±17.01 49.91 < 0.01 损伤面积/cm2 14.25±1.35 10.23±1.77 13.22 < 0.01 PIs总处数 2.68±2.04 2.17±1.48 2.48 >0.05 *示χ2值;与 < 18.5 kg/m2比较#P < 0.01 表 2 不同转归PIs伤口特点比较[n;构成比(%)]
分组 n 分期 χ2 P 1期 2期 3期 4期+不可分期 深部组织 无好转 124 12(9.68) 35(28.22) 20(16.13) 39(31.45) 18(14.52) 好转 153 14(9.15) 90(58.82) 16(10.46)** 19(12.42)** 14(9.15)** 29.48 < 0.01 合计 277 26(9.39) 125(45.13) 36(13.00) 58(20.94) 32(11.54) 与2期比较**P < 0.01 表 3 PIs转归的多因素分析
因素 B SE Waldχ2 P OR(95%CI) 常量 11.266 2.598 18.80 < 0.01 — BI得分 -0.072 0.020 12.73 < 0.01 0.930(0.894~0.968) 住院时间 -0.082 0.038 4.60 < 0.05 0.921(0.854~0.993) 入院后白蛋白 -0.141 0..055 6.72 < 0.01 0.868(0.780~0.966) Braden评分 -0.343 0.107 10.38 < 0.01 0.709(0.576~0.874) -
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