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非自杀性自伤行为(non-suicidal self-injury,NSSI)指的是个体反复直接、故意损害身体组织,但并不打算造成自杀死亡的行为,NSSI行为包括切割、抓挠皮肤, 用香烟或打火机燃烧、烙印、烫伤, 敲击自己或其他硬物敲打四肢、头部和拉头发等[1],且这种行为不被社会认可[2],目前美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第5版(DSM-5)已将NSSI纳入了需要进一步关注和研究的问题。一项研究[3]提出,青春期是NSSI的高发时期,NSSI作为适应不良个体的一种应对策略,在临床人群中更容易出现,尤其是情绪调节能力和应对能力较差的抑郁症病人。据统计全球青少年中NSSI的患病率高达17%[4],在临床上,青少年抑郁症病人中伴有NSSI高达44.8%[5]。WANG等[6]观察到,抑郁症病人自伤易损性的增加似乎与不良的童年经历相关。在生命的前16年内的任何时间发生的每种类型的童年虐待经历,尤其是在持续暴露的情况下,都与NSSI行为显著相关[7-8]。自伤行为在青少年中是一种反复出现的现象,虽然它不会造成致命性的危险,但它已日渐成为青少年严重的公共健康问题,严重影响着青少年的心理健康。既往有自伤经历的青少年中伴有自杀意念的占70%以上,而且在重复自伤行为的青少年中,自杀的概率比没有自伤行为的青少年高10倍[9]。既往研究[10]提示抑郁障碍、不良的家庭关系均是青少年NSSI的重要原因,童年创伤与抑郁障碍的研究已经得到广泛研究[11],NSSI与抑郁障碍发病机制重叠,抑郁障碍是NSSI行为发生的危险因素之一,同时NSSI是抑郁障碍的预测因子之一[12]。近年来,抑郁症病人的NSSI行为越来越受到关注,尽管一些研究表明NSSI行为与抑郁症之间存在高度相关性和共病性,但不能认为两者之间存在因果关系[13]。本研究旨在通过分析童年创伤在青少年抑郁障碍伴与不伴NSSI两者间的差异及相关性,为青少年抑郁障碍病人NSSI的有效干预提供相关基础。
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结果显示,NSSI组、非NSSI组及健康对照组在性别、年龄以及受教育年限方面差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 1)。
分组 n 年龄/岁 受教育年限/年 男 女 健康对照组 35 15.20±1.55 9.17±1.54 17 18 NSSI组 35 15.23±1.80 9.17±1.78 11 24 非NSSI组 35 15.23±1.59 9.23±1.59 19 16 F — 0.00 0.01 2.44* P — >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 MS组内 — 2.725 2.668 — *示χ2值 表 1 3组研究对象一般资料的比较(x±s)
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NSSI组在情感虐待、情感忽视和CTQ总分评分均高于非NSSI组, NSSI组、非NSSI组在情感虐待、情感忽视、躯体虐待、CTQ总分评分均高于健康对照组;NSSI组在性虐待、躯体忽视评分均高于健康对照组, 差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05~P < 0.01)。NSSI组、非NSSI组在躯体虐待、HAMD评分差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 2)。
分组 n 情感虐待 躯体虐待 性虐待 情感忽视 躯体忽视 CTQ总分 HAMD总分 健康对照组 35 6.37±1.75 5.43±0.85 5.09±0.37 8.54±2.48 7.37±1.97 33.80±4.90 — NSSI组 35 13.20±3.98** 7.51±3.12** 6.65±2.82** 16.97±4.47** 9.86±2.85** 54.20±11.11** 24.94±9.43 非NSSI组 35 11.17±3.97**# 7.20±2.34** 5.89±1.43 12.50±5.09**## 8.43±2.83 44.69±10.64**## 21.94±9.29 F — 37.18 8.35 6.40 36.26 8.36 46.34 1.33△ P — < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 >0.05 MS组内 — 11.576 5.303 3.374 17.330 6.677 86.831 — △示t值;q检验:与健康对照组比较*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01;与NSSI组比较#P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 表 2 表 2 3组CTQ评分及HAMD评分的比较(x±s;分)
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NSSI组的非自杀性自伤频率与CTQ中情感忽视评分、CTQ总分呈正相关关系(r=0.350、0.278,P < 0.05),与HAMD中认知障碍因子分呈正相关关系(r=0.315,P < 0.05),与情感虐待、躯体虐待、性虐待、躯体忽视、焦虑/躯体化、体质量、日夜变化、阻滞、睡眠障碍、绝望感、HAMD总分均无相关性(r=0.176、-0.023、0.110、0.129、0.061、0.168、-0.063、0.156、0.091、0.138、0.196,P>0.05)。
青少年抑郁障碍病人非自杀性自伤与童年期心理创伤相关性研究
Study on the correlation between non-suicidal self-injury and childhood psychological trauma in adolescents with depression
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摘要:
目的探讨青少年抑郁障碍病人非自杀性自伤行为(NSSI)与其童年期心理创伤之间关系。 方法选取70例符合DSM-5诊断标准的青少年抑郁障碍病人, 依据有无NSSI, 分为NSSI组和非NSSI组各35例, 并选择性别、年龄和受教育程度与之匹配的正常青少年35人作为健康对照组。通过渥太华自伤量表、童年创伤问卷(CTQ)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-24)进行临床症状评估。 结果NSSI组情感虐待、情感忽视及CTQ量表总分评分均高于非NSSI组, 且2组上述3个评分及躯体虐待评分均高于健康对照组, 差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05~P < 0.01), 两抑郁障碍亚组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);NSSI组性虐待、躯体忽视评分均高于健康对照组(P < 0.01)。NSSI组非自杀性自伤频率与CTQ中情感忽视评分、HAMD量表认知障碍评分均呈正相关关系(P < 0.05)。 结论青少年抑郁障碍病人NSSI与童年期心理创伤存在相关。 Abstract:ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)in adolescents with depression and their childhood psychological trauma. MethodsSeventy adolescent patients diagnosed with depressive disorder according to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria were selected.According to the presence or absence of NSSI, they were divided into depression with NSSI group and non-NSSI group, with 35 patients in each group.And 35 normal adolescents matched with gender, age and education level were used as the healthy control group.The Ottawa self-injury scale, the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ) and the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-24) were used to evaluate the clinical symptoms. ResultsThe scores of emotional abuse, emotional neglect and total score of CTQ in NSSI group were higher than those in non-NSSI group, and the above three scores and physical abuse scores in the two groups were higher than those in the healthy control group, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01).The scores of sexual abuse and physical neglect in NSSI group were higher than those in healthy control group (P < 0.01).The frequency of non-suicidal self-harm was positively correlated with emotional neglect scores and cognitive impairment scores of HAMD scale in NSSI group (P < 0.05). ConclusionsThere is variable correlation between NSSI self-injury behaviors in adolescents with depression and childhood psychological trauma. -
Key words:
- depressive disorder /
- adolescent /
- non-suicidal self-injury /
- childhood trauma
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表 1 3组研究对象一般资料的比较(x±s)
分组 n 年龄/岁 受教育年限/年 男 女 健康对照组 35 15.20±1.55 9.17±1.54 17 18 NSSI组 35 15.23±1.80 9.17±1.78 11 24 非NSSI组 35 15.23±1.59 9.23±1.59 19 16 F — 0.00 0.01 2.44* P — >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 MS组内 — 2.725 2.668 — *示χ2值 表 2 表 2 3组CTQ评分及HAMD评分的比较(x±s;分)
分组 n 情感虐待 躯体虐待 性虐待 情感忽视 躯体忽视 CTQ总分 HAMD总分 健康对照组 35 6.37±1.75 5.43±0.85 5.09±0.37 8.54±2.48 7.37±1.97 33.80±4.90 — NSSI组 35 13.20±3.98** 7.51±3.12** 6.65±2.82** 16.97±4.47** 9.86±2.85** 54.20±11.11** 24.94±9.43 非NSSI组 35 11.17±3.97**# 7.20±2.34** 5.89±1.43 12.50±5.09**## 8.43±2.83 44.69±10.64**## 21.94±9.29 F — 37.18 8.35 6.40 36.26 8.36 46.34 1.33△ P — < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 >0.05 MS组内 — 11.576 5.303 3.374 17.330 6.677 86.831 — △示t值;q检验:与健康对照组比较*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01;与NSSI组比较#P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 -
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