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近年来随着我国人口结构的改变,老年骨折病人所占比例显著升高,其中髋部骨折是临床中最为常见的类型之一[1-2]。临床发现保守治疗并发症较多、恢复较差、疼痛剧烈,严重影响病人的生存质量,因此针对Garden分型Ⅲ型或Ⅳ型无法获得解剖复位的骨折病人临床多采取置换术作为首选治疗方案[3]。临床证实人工全髋关节置换术(total hip arthroplasty, THA)可有效缓解或消除病人疼痛、重建髋关节功能,目前比较成熟的入路术式为切断髋关节周围部分外旋肌群的后外侧入路方式[4],虽然具有一定的临床治疗效果,但手术切口较大、操作过程游离了大量的软组织,对机体损伤较大[5],术后容易发生脱位,且康复周期长,不符合现代快速康复理念的要求; 近年来在传统THA术的入路方式上涌现了多种微创手术方法[6-8], 其中经梨状肌和臀小肌间隙的入路方式最早在2010年由美国学者提出,采用小皮肤切口入路,具有不切断外旋肌群、保留髋关节囊等特点,因此更利于术后快速康复[9-10]。本研究进一步探究经梨状肌和臀小肌间隙入路方式对老年髋部骨折行全髋关节置换术病人的治疗效果及生存质量的影响。现作报道。
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A组病人手术时间、切口长度短于B组,术后首次下地时间长于B组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05~P < 0.01);2组病人术中出血量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 1)。
分组 n 髋数 手术时间/min 切口长度/cm 出血量/mL 首次下地时间/h A组 50 55 98.24±16.43 14.79±1.42 162.38±28.18 29.69±1.45 B组 46 53 116.72±20.21 18.23±1.23 160.56±27.72 10.79±0.83 t — — 5.22 3.92 0.76 8.12 P — — < 0.01 < 0.05 >0.05 < 0.05 表 1 2组病人围手术期情况对比(x±s,n)
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A组病人术后1、3、7 d的HISS评分低于B组,VAS评分高于B组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05~P < 0.01),2组病人术前和术后14、30、90、180 d的HISS和VAS评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 2)。
指标 A组(n=50) B组(n=46) t P HISS 术前 22.41±4.14 22.02±4.02 0.53 >0.05 术后1 d 25.16±3.76 28.79±3.61 3.92 < 0.05 术后3 d 33.09±2.02 39.72±2.31 4.12 < 0.05 术后7 d 57.72±3.76 63.07±4.39 4.83 < 0.05 术后14 d 74.59±6.42 75.82±7.11 0.22 >0.05 术后30 d 79.17±7.39 80.34±8.09 0.32 >0.05 术后90 d 82.45±7.65 83.01±6.98 0.45 >0.05 术后180 d 83.82±6.47 83.76±5.93 0.37 >0.05 VAS 术前 7.65±1.32 7.61±1.27 0.35 >0.05 术后1 d 6.72±1.18 5.16±1.03 4.18 < 0.01 术后3 d 5.22±1.04 4.01±0.86 4.31 < 0.05 术后7 d 4.13±0.82 2.86±0.73 4.92 < 0.05 术后14 d 2.62±0.61 2.51±0.52 0.54 >0.05 术后30 d 2.18±0.42 2.01±0.34 0.45 >0.05 术后90 d 1.27±0.31 1.19±0.26 0.48 >0.05 术后180 d 0.94±0.12 0.95±0.11 0.12 >0.05 表 2 HISS评分变化情况(x±s,n;分)
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B组病人术后30、90 d“起立-行走”计时测试显著优于A组,术后30 d单腿站立测试时间长于A组,术后90 d的6 min步行测试距离优于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05),其他时间点2组病人下肢功能情况差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 3)。
指标 A组(n=50) B组(n=46) t P 计时起立行走时间/s 术前 14.26±3.01 14.22±3.02 0.11 >0.05 术后30 d 40.29±4.59 33.85±6.72 4.32 < 0.05 术后90 d 29.08±4.14 22.58±5.11 4.07 < 0.05 术后180 d 12.97±2.56 13.05±3.03 0.33 >0.05 单腿站立时间/s 术前 15.77±3.27 15.83±3.21 0.10 >0.05 术后30 d 11.53±2.19 14.34±2.09 4.31 < 0.05 术后90 d 20.74±3.58 21.18±3.42 0.62 >0.05 术后180 d 26.69±4.07 27.03±4.41 0.65 >0.05 6 min步行距离/m 术前 448.59±21.07 450.17±21.12 0.29 >0.05 术后30 d 372.49±19.82 375.66±19.53 0.38 >0.05 术后90 d 389.83±22.17 402.16±24.65 6.21 < 0.05 术后180 d 504.72±27.65 503.67±26.48 0.62 >0.05 表 3 肌肉功能情况对比(x±s,n)
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影像学显示2组病人未出现假体脱落情况,均得到了较好的治疗(见图 3)。术后180 d随访,A组前倾角小于B组,偏心距大于B组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)(见表 4)。
分组 n 外展角/(°) 前倾角/(°) 偏心距/mm A组 55 39.58±0.43 16.33±2.76 38.63±2.93 B组 53 38.88±0.33 21.65±4.12 34.07±3.43 t — 1.02 4.51 3.85 P — >0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 表 4 2组病人影像学指标对比(x±s,n)
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B组病人SF-36评分量表肢体功能、社会功能、心理健康和总健康程度得分均优于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)(见表 5)。
分组 躯体疼痛 肢体功能 社会功能 心理健康 总健康程度 A组 78.33±4.87 73.28±5.01 76.23±4.89 72.33±8.21 73.42±3.95 B组 79.04±5.11 79.34±4.86 80.23±7.01 80.34±5.67 79.75±4.52 t 0.64 4.32 4.22 6.01 4.97 P >0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 表 5 2组病人生存质量对比(x±s,n;分)
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6个月随访内,2组病人均未发生严重的并发症事件,且并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(见表 6)。
分组 n 深静脉血栓 术后感染 复苏延迟 尿潴留 并发症[n;百分率/%] χ2 P A组 50 1 1 1 2 5(10.00) 0.05 >0.05 B组 46 2 0 1 1 4(8.70) 合计 96 3 1 2 3 9(9.38) 表 6 2组病人并发症情况对比
经梨状肌和臀小肌间隙入路行全髋关节置换对老年髋部骨折的治疗效果及病人生存质量的影响
Effect of the total hip arthroplasty through the gap between the piriformis and gluteal muscles approaches on the outcome and quality of life of elderly patients with hip fractures
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摘要:
目的探究经梨状肌和臀小肌的间隙入路行全髋关节置换对老年髋部骨折的治疗效果及病人生存质量的影响。 方法选取96例老年髋部骨折病人(108髋)为本研究对象,其中50例病人(55髋)行后外侧入路全髋关节置换术为A组,46例病人(53髋)行经梨状肌和臀小肌间隙入路全髋关节置换术为B组,记录对比2组病人围手术期情况(手术时间、切口最大长度、术中出血量、术后下地时间)、并发症情况、术前术后髋关节HHS评分、VAS疼痛评分和下肢功能变化情况、术后6个月病人影像学指标情况(外展角、前倾角、偏心距)和生存质量情况(以SF-36量表表示)。 结果A组病人手术时间、切口长度短于B组,术后首次下地时间长于B组(P < 0.05~P < 0.01);A组病人术后1、3、7 d的HISS评分低于B组,VAS评分高于B组(P < 0.05~P < 0.01),2组病人术前、术后14、30、90、180 d的HISS和VAS评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);B组病人术后30、90 d“起立-行走”计时测试显著优于A组,术后30 d单腿站立测试时间长于A组,术后90 d的6 min步行测试距离优于A组(P < 0.05),其他时间点2组病人下肢功能情况差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组前倾角小于B组,偏心距大于B组(P < 0.05);B组病人SF-36评分量表肢体功能、社会功能、心理健康和总健康程度得分均优于A组(P < 0.05)。 结论相比于传统后外侧入路行全髋关节置,经梨状肌与臀小肌间隙入路对老年髋部骨折病人的损伤更小、恢复更快,近期疗效指标显著优于传统术式,符合快速康复理念,但手术时长显著增加,病人术后前倾角偏大,偏心距偏小。 -
关键词:
- 髋关节置换 /
- 经梨状肌与臀小肌间隙入路 /
- 后侧外入路 /
- 老年髋部骨折
Abstract:ObjectiveTo explore the effects of total hip arthroplasty through the gap between the piriformis and gluteal muscles approaches on the outcome and quality of life of elderly patients with hip fractures. MethodsA total of 96 elderly patients(108 hips) with hip fractures were divided into the group A(50 cases, 55 hips) treated with posterolateral approach total hip arthroplasty and group B(46 cases, 53 hips) treated through the gap between the piriformis and gluteal muscles approaches.The perioperative condition(including the operation time, maximum length of the incision, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative down time), postoperative complications, preoperative hip HHS score, VAS pain score and lower limb function change situation, imaging indexes after six months of operation(including outreach angle, inclination angle and eccentricity) and quality of life(SF-36 scale) in two groups were recorded. ResultsThe operation time and incision length in group A were shorter than those in group B, and the first landing time after operation in group A wasd longer than that in group B(P < 0.05 to P < 0.01).After 1, 3, and 7 days of operation, the HISS score in group A were lower than those in group B, and the VAS score in group A was higher than that in group B(P < 0.05 to P < 0.01).The differences of the scores of HISS and VAS after 14, 30, 90 and 180 days of operation between two groups were not statistically significant(P>0.05).The "stand up and walk" timing test after 30 and 90 days of operation in groups B were significantly better than those in group A, the one-leg standing test time after 30 days of opertaion in group B was longer than that in group A, the 6 min walk test distance at postoperative 90 days in groups B was significantly better than that in group A(P < 0.05).There was no statistical significance in the lower limb function between two groups at other time points(P>0.05).The rake angle in group A was smaller than that in group B, and the eccentricity in group A was larger than that in group B(P < 0.05).The scores of limb function, social function, mental health and total health of SF-36 scale in group B were better than those in grop A(P < 0.05). ConclusionsCompared with the traditional posterolateral approach for total hip arthroplasty, the transpiriformis and gluteal muscle approach has less damage and faster recovery for elderly patients with hip fractures, and the short-term efficacy indicators of which are significantly better than that of traditional surgical methods.The total hip arthroplasty through the gap between the piriformis and gluteal muscles approaches is in line with the concept of rapid recovery, but the duration of surgery significantly increases, the patient′s postoperative anterior inclination is larger, and the eccentricity is smaller.Clinical follow-up is still needed to explore the long-term efficacy. -
表 1 2组病人围手术期情况对比(x±s,n)
分组 n 髋数 手术时间/min 切口长度/cm 出血量/mL 首次下地时间/h A组 50 55 98.24±16.43 14.79±1.42 162.38±28.18 29.69±1.45 B组 46 53 116.72±20.21 18.23±1.23 160.56±27.72 10.79±0.83 t — — 5.22 3.92 0.76 8.12 P — — < 0.01 < 0.05 >0.05 < 0.05 表 2 HISS评分变化情况(x±s,n;分)
指标 A组(n=50) B组(n=46) t P HISS 术前 22.41±4.14 22.02±4.02 0.53 >0.05 术后1 d 25.16±3.76 28.79±3.61 3.92 < 0.05 术后3 d 33.09±2.02 39.72±2.31 4.12 < 0.05 术后7 d 57.72±3.76 63.07±4.39 4.83 < 0.05 术后14 d 74.59±6.42 75.82±7.11 0.22 >0.05 术后30 d 79.17±7.39 80.34±8.09 0.32 >0.05 术后90 d 82.45±7.65 83.01±6.98 0.45 >0.05 术后180 d 83.82±6.47 83.76±5.93 0.37 >0.05 VAS 术前 7.65±1.32 7.61±1.27 0.35 >0.05 术后1 d 6.72±1.18 5.16±1.03 4.18 < 0.01 术后3 d 5.22±1.04 4.01±0.86 4.31 < 0.05 术后7 d 4.13±0.82 2.86±0.73 4.92 < 0.05 术后14 d 2.62±0.61 2.51±0.52 0.54 >0.05 术后30 d 2.18±0.42 2.01±0.34 0.45 >0.05 术后90 d 1.27±0.31 1.19±0.26 0.48 >0.05 术后180 d 0.94±0.12 0.95±0.11 0.12 >0.05 表 3 肌肉功能情况对比(x±s,n)
指标 A组(n=50) B组(n=46) t P 计时起立行走时间/s 术前 14.26±3.01 14.22±3.02 0.11 >0.05 术后30 d 40.29±4.59 33.85±6.72 4.32 < 0.05 术后90 d 29.08±4.14 22.58±5.11 4.07 < 0.05 术后180 d 12.97±2.56 13.05±3.03 0.33 >0.05 单腿站立时间/s 术前 15.77±3.27 15.83±3.21 0.10 >0.05 术后30 d 11.53±2.19 14.34±2.09 4.31 < 0.05 术后90 d 20.74±3.58 21.18±3.42 0.62 >0.05 术后180 d 26.69±4.07 27.03±4.41 0.65 >0.05 6 min步行距离/m 术前 448.59±21.07 450.17±21.12 0.29 >0.05 术后30 d 372.49±19.82 375.66±19.53 0.38 >0.05 术后90 d 389.83±22.17 402.16±24.65 6.21 < 0.05 术后180 d 504.72±27.65 503.67±26.48 0.62 >0.05 表 4 2组病人影像学指标对比(x±s,n)
分组 n 外展角/(°) 前倾角/(°) 偏心距/mm A组 55 39.58±0.43 16.33±2.76 38.63±2.93 B组 53 38.88±0.33 21.65±4.12 34.07±3.43 t — 1.02 4.51 3.85 P — >0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 表 5 2组病人生存质量对比(x±s,n;分)
分组 躯体疼痛 肢体功能 社会功能 心理健康 总健康程度 A组 78.33±4.87 73.28±5.01 76.23±4.89 72.33±8.21 73.42±3.95 B组 79.04±5.11 79.34±4.86 80.23±7.01 80.34±5.67 79.75±4.52 t 0.64 4.32 4.22 6.01 4.97 P >0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 表 6 2组病人并发症情况对比
分组 n 深静脉血栓 术后感染 复苏延迟 尿潴留 并发症[n;百分率/%] χ2 P A组 50 1 1 1 2 5(10.00) 0.05 >0.05 B组 46 2 0 1 1 4(8.70) 合计 96 3 1 2 3 9(9.38) -
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