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肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)占原发性肝癌的75%~85%[1],其中50%的死亡病例出现在中国,是我国发病率第四位的恶性肿瘤[2]。HCC发病率高,死亡率高,严重威胁人类健康。目前HCC的诊断和治疗水平有了明显提高,手术仍为首选治疗。但术后复发率高,预后仍不容乐观[3]。
HCC是高度血管化的肿瘤。血管生成在HCC的发生和发展过程中起重要作用[4]。血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)在血管生成中发挥重要作用,在多种肿瘤中均有表达,并影响肿瘤病人预后[5-6]。同源盒基因是一个转录编码家族,同源盒基因B7(homeobox B7, HOXB7)是同源盒基因家族的成员,作为重要的转录因子,HOXB7能够调节癌细胞的多种功能,包括增殖、侵袭、迁移、血管生成和上皮-间质转化(EMT)[7]。此外,HOXB7的过表达与癌症进展和不良预后显著相关[8]。
在临床工作中我们发现影响HCC病人术后预后的因素不仅有临床因素,还与病理因素息息相关,因此,本研究中我们利用免疫组织化学分析研究了VEGF和HOXB7两种分子标志物对术后HCC病人预后的影响。
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74例病人中,男58例,女16例,年龄33~75岁。Child-Pugh分级: A级64例,B级10例。74例病人中62例为HBV感染(83.8%),4例为HCV感染(5.4%),6例为酒精性肝硬化(8.1%)。肿瘤大小为0.9~11 cm。57例(77.0%)病人为单个肿瘤,16例(21.6%)病人有2个肿瘤,1例(1.4%)病人有3个肿瘤。根据ICD-O进行病理分级,Ⅰ级12例(16.2%),Ⅱ级27例(36.5%),Ⅲ级33例(44.6%),Ⅳ级2例(2.7%)。根据AJCC进行肿瘤分期[9]: T1期43例(58.1%),T2期22例(29.7%),T3期9例(12.1%)。VEGF在肿瘤细胞中主要为细胞质染色(见图 1)。HOXB7在肿瘤细胞中主要为细胞核和胞质染色(见图 2)。两者的表达情况见表 1。
阴性 弱阳性 中等阳性 强阳性 VEGF 32(43.2) 15(20.3) 22(29.7) 5(6.8) HOXB7 14(18.9) 36(48.6) 19(25.7) 5(6.8) 表 1 HCC病人VEGF和HOXB7免疫组织化学染色结果[n; 百分率(%)]
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74例病人术后5年总生存率分别为48.6%。单因素分析表明,不同性别、年龄和肿瘤病理分级的HCC病人的5年生存率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。不同Child-Pugh分级、T分期、肿瘤直径、AFP表达、被膜侵犯及肿瘤个数的病人5年生存率差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。单因素分析显示,VEGF和HOXB7表达水平,与HCC病人生存期相关。生存分析表明,VEGF表达水平较高病人的5年生存率明显低于VEGF表达水平较低的病人(P < 0.05)。HOXB7表达水平较高的病人总体生存率明显低于HOXB7表达水平较低的病人(P < 0.05)(见表 2)。
参数 n 5年生存人数 χ2 P 性别 男
女58
1628(48.3)
8(50.0)0.02 >0.05 年龄/岁 ≤60
>6057
1726(45.6)
10(58.8)0.91 >0.05 Child-Pugh分级 A
B64
1035(54.7)
1(10.0)6.91 < 0.01 AFP/(ng/mL) ≤400
>40052
2229(55.8)
7(31.8)3.55 < 0.05 肿瘤直径/cm ≤5
>565
935(53.8)
1(11.1)5.78 < 0.05 肿瘤个数 1
≥257
1743(75.4)
2(11.8)22.28 < 0.01 T分期 T1、T2
T365
935(53.8)
1(11.1)5.78 < 0.05 被膜侵犯 阴性
阳性56
1831(55.4)
6(33.3)2.64 >0.05 病理分级 Ⅰ 12 11(91.7) Ⅱ
Ⅲ27
3322(81.5)
3(9.1)43.11 < 0.01 Ⅳ 2 0(0.0) VEGF -、+
2+、3+47
2728(59.6)
8(29.6)6.16 < 0.05 HOXB7 -、+
2+、3+50
2428(56.0)
6(25.0)6.28 < 0.05 表 2 影响HCC病人预后的临床病理和免疫组织化学因素[n; 百分率(%)]
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使用Cox比例风险模型对影响HCC病人术后总体生存的预后因素进行多变量分析, 结果显示Child-Pugh分级、T分期、肿瘤个数、HOXB7表达和VEGF表达为影响HCC病人术后生存的独立危险因素(P < 0.01)(见表 3)。
变量 分组 B SE Waldχ2 P HR(95%CI) Child-Pugh分级 A
B1.411 0.422 11.182 < 0.01 4.100(1.793~9.374) T分期 T1、T2
T31.479 0.268 30.544 < 0.01 4.317(2.597~7.413) 肿瘤个数 1
≥20.970 0.422 11.182 < 0.01 2.639(1.364~5.105) HOXB7 -、+
2+、3+0.130 0.042 9.669 < 0.01 1.139(1.049~1.236) VEGF -、+
2+、3+1.326 0.346 18.432 < 0.01 1.192(1.106~1.285) 表 3 影响HCC病人总体生存的预后因素的多变量分析
HOXB7和VEGF对肝细胞癌病人预后影响的研究
Effect of HOXB7 and VEGF on the prognosis of patients with HCC
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摘要:
目的通过研究肝细胞癌病人同源盒基因B7(HOXB7)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达,探讨其对肝细胞癌病人术后预后的影响。 方法收集74例肝细胞癌病人临床病理和生存数据,应用免疫组织化学对术后病理标本进行HOXB7和VEGF染色。分析影响病人预后的因素。 结果74例病人术后3年和5年总生存率分别为67.6%和48.6%。多因素分析显示,HOXB7(P < 0.01, HR=1.139),VEGF(P < 0.01, HR=1.192)、Child-Pugh分级(P < 0.01, HR=4.100)、T分期(P < 0.01, HR=4.317)、肿瘤数量(P < 0.01, HR=2.639)是影响病人生存的独立危险因素。免疫组织化学染色显示,HOXB7和VEGF表达影响病人5年生存率。 结论HOXB7和VEGF过表达影响肝细胞癌病人生存率和预后,是预后不良的因素。 Abstract:ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of homeobox B7 (HOXB7) and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) expressions on the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) after operation. MethodsSeventy-four patients with HCC following surgical resection were enrolled.Clinicopathological and survival data were analyzed, and immunohistochemical staining method for HOXB7 and VEGF expressions measurement was performed on tissue microarray sections. ResultsThe 3-and 5-year overall survival rates in the 74 patients were 67.6% and 48.6%, respectively.Multivariate analysis revealed that HOXB7(P < 0.01, HR=1.139) and VEGF(P < 0.01, HR=1.192) expressions, Child-Pugh class(P < 0.01, HR=4.100), T stage(P < 0.01, HR=4.317), Tumor number(P < 0.01, HR=2.639) were the independent prognostic factors for overall survival rate.Immunohistochemical staining results showed that the expressions of HOXB7 and VEGF influenced the 5-year survival rate. ConclusionsHOXB7 and VEGF overexpression affect the survival and prognosis of HCC patients, which suggesting a poor overall survival rate. -
Key words:
- heputocellular carcinoma /
- homeobox B7 /
- vascular endothelial growth factor /
- prognosis /
- survival rate
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表 1 HCC病人VEGF和HOXB7免疫组织化学染色结果[n; 百分率(%)]
阴性 弱阳性 中等阳性 强阳性 VEGF 32(43.2) 15(20.3) 22(29.7) 5(6.8) HOXB7 14(18.9) 36(48.6) 19(25.7) 5(6.8) 表 2 影响HCC病人预后的临床病理和免疫组织化学因素[n; 百分率(%)]
参数 n 5年生存人数 χ2 P 性别 男
女58
1628(48.3)
8(50.0)0.02 >0.05 年龄/岁 ≤60
>6057
1726(45.6)
10(58.8)0.91 >0.05 Child-Pugh分级 A
B64
1035(54.7)
1(10.0)6.91 < 0.01 AFP/(ng/mL) ≤400
>40052
2229(55.8)
7(31.8)3.55 < 0.05 肿瘤直径/cm ≤5
>565
935(53.8)
1(11.1)5.78 < 0.05 肿瘤个数 1
≥257
1743(75.4)
2(11.8)22.28 < 0.01 T分期 T1、T2
T365
935(53.8)
1(11.1)5.78 < 0.05 被膜侵犯 阴性
阳性56
1831(55.4)
6(33.3)2.64 >0.05 病理分级 Ⅰ 12 11(91.7) Ⅱ
Ⅲ27
3322(81.5)
3(9.1)43.11 < 0.01 Ⅳ 2 0(0.0) VEGF -、+
2+、3+47
2728(59.6)
8(29.6)6.16 < 0.05 HOXB7 -、+
2+、3+50
2428(56.0)
6(25.0)6.28 < 0.05 表 3 影响HCC病人总体生存的预后因素的多变量分析
变量 分组 B SE Waldχ2 P HR(95%CI) Child-Pugh分级 A
B1.411 0.422 11.182 < 0.01 4.100(1.793~9.374) T分期 T1、T2
T31.479 0.268 30.544 < 0.01 4.317(2.597~7.413) 肿瘤个数 1
≥20.970 0.422 11.182 < 0.01 2.639(1.364~5.105) HOXB7 -、+
2+、3+0.130 0.042 9.669 < 0.01 1.139(1.049~1.236) VEGF -、+
2+、3+1.326 0.346 18.432 < 0.01 1.192(1.106~1.285) -
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